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HNS > Upper airway > Flashcards

Upper airway Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

How are airways held open

A

Larynx, trachea and bronchi by cartilage

Nasal cavities and pharynx by attachments to bone

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3
Q

Function of larynx

A

To protect airways during ingestion of food

Also phonation and speech

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4
Q

Function of nasal cavities

A

Warming and moistening air to protect airways of shock

Olfactory

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5
Q

Bones in nasal cavity

A

Conchae
3- superior, middle, inferior
Space in-between- meatuses

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6
Q

Innervation of nasal cavity

A

Olfactory nerve
Trigeminal nerve- V1 anterior, V2 posterior
Facial nerve- glands
Sympathetic nerves from T1- vascular SM

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7
Q

Blood supply of nasal cavity

A

Branches of external and internal carotid

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8
Q

Link between nasal and cranial cavity

A

Blood can drain from nasal cavity to cranial, which can lead to infection

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9
Q

Paranasal Air sinuses, function and innervation

A

Frontal - superior
Sphenoidal- middle posterior
Ethmoidal- middle anterior
Maxillary- inferior

Reduce weight of facial bones
Crumple zone- protects brain
Resonates voice

All supplied by trigeminal- sensory

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10
Q

Sinus drainage

A

Sphenoid drains into the nasal cavity via the spehno-ethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal air cells drain into the ethmoidal bulla between the middle and inferior concha
Frontal air sinuses and anterior ethmoidal cells drain into the nasal cavity via the frontonasal duct

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11
Q

Larynx position and support

A

Superior and posterior to thyroid gland

Supported from roof of the mouth by hyoid bone

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12
Q

Cartilage controlling passage of larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilage- attached to vocal cords
Acts as sphincter
Open during inspiration and closed in phonation

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13
Q

Cartilage inferior to thyroid

A

Cricoid- full ring

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14
Q

Hole between vocal cords

A

Rima glottidis

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15
Q

Muscles of larynx

A

Cricothyroid muscle- tensor of vocal cords

Thyroarytenoid muscle: relaxer of the vocal folds

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16
Q

Nerve supply of larynx

A

Vagus- branches -superior and recurrent laryngeal
Motor- Recurrent everything except cricothyroid muscles get from external laryngeal

Sensory - Recurrent above vocal cords
Internal- Below

17
Q

Looping of left recurrent laryngeal

A

Loops around junction between aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
Occurs around vestigial ligament- where previous pathway was
LRL is longer

18
Q

Looping of right recurrent laryngeal

A

Loops around right subclavian artery

19
Q

Effect of larynx from lesions of vagus

A

Lesion before branching- complete paralysis on one side
Internal branch of Superior- loss of sensation of vocal cords- critical for reflex coughing
RRL- paralysis of almost all, loss of sensation below

Recurrent laryngeal nerve travels with the inferior thyroid artery
So the RLN is vulnerable during thyroid surgery

20
Q

Sections of the ear

A

Outer- auricle and external auditory meatus
Middle- Ear drum, ossicles (maleus, incus and stapes)
Inner- Cochlear, vestibule and three semi-circular canals

21
Q

Facial nerve pathway

A

Travels from pons through the facial canal in the temporal bone via stylomastoid foramen- which is in internal acoustic meatus

22
Q

Motor function of facial nerve

A

Muscles of facial expression, stapedius, digastric (posterior belly), stylohyoid

23
Q

Sensory function of facial

A

Taste (anterior 2/3 tongue), parasympathetic (lacrimal glands, mucous glands of nasal cavity, hard and soft palates, sublingual and submandibular glands)

General sensation from external acoustic meatus and deeper parts of auricle

24
Q

Mastoid process and the eustachian tube

A

Mastoid air cells give honeycomb appearance

Eustachian tube is next to this and connects nasal cavity to middle ear

25
Q

External ear

A

Auricle and external auditory meatus, which collect sound and direct it towards the tympanic membrane

26
Q

Middle ear

A

The middle ear is an irregular air space within the temporal bone

Anteriorly, it communicates with the naso-pharynx via the pharyngo-tympanic (Eustachian) tube

The tympanic cavity is traversed by the chain of ossicles (maleus, incus and stapes)

27
Q

Inner ear

A

The internal ear lies in the petrous temporal bone medial to the middle ear

It comprises the cochlea, vestibule and three semi-circular canals

HNS (6 decks)

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