Updated Organic Synthesis Flashcards
alkene to polyalkene
High pressure
Catalyst
Alkene to dihaloalkane
Br2 / Cl2
RT
Electrophilic addition
Dihaloalkane to diol
KOH (aq)
Heat under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution
Alkene to haloalkane
HBr / HCl
RT
Electrophilic addition
Haloalkane to alkene
KOH (alcoholic)
Heat under reflux
Elimination
Alkane to haloalkane
Br2 / Cl2
UV light
Free radical substitution
Alkene to alcohol
- H2SO4 = Electrophilic addition
- Warm hydrolysis (+H2O)
Alcohol to alkene
Conc H2SO4 / Conc H3PO4
Acid catalyst
Elimination / dehydration
Haloalkane to alcohol
KOH (aq)
Heat under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution
Alcohol to aldehyde
Primary alcohol
K2Cr2O7 (H+)
Heat and distill
Partial oxidation
Aldehyde to alcohol
NaBH4
Reduction
Nucleophilic addition
Alcohol to ketone
Secondary alcohol
K2Cr2O7 (H+)
Heat
Oxidation
Ketone to alcohol
NaBH4
Reduction
Nucleophilic addition
Alcohol to ester
Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
Heat
Esterification
Aldehyde / ketone to hydroxynitrile
KCN + H2SO4
Nucleophilic addition
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 (H+) - oxidising agent
Heat under reflux (+excess)
Oxidation
Alcohol to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 (H+)
Heat under reflux
Oxidation
Carboxylic acid to ester
Alcohol + H2SO4
Heat
Esterification
Acylchloride / acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
H2O
RT
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Acylchloride / acid anhydride to ester
Alcohol
RT
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Acylchloride / acid anhydride to secondary amide
Primary amide
RT
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Acylchloride / acid anhydride to primary amide
NH3
RT
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Haloalkane to nitrile
KCN (ethanol)
Heat under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution
Haloalkane to primary amine
NH3 (alcoholic)
Heat under pressure
Nucleophilic substitution
Nitrile to primary amine
LiALH4 (in ether)
Reduction
Primary amine to secondary amide
Acyl chloride
RT
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Primary amine to secondary/teirtary/quaternary amine
Haloalkane
Nucleophilic substitution