States / State Changes Flashcards
What are the 3 states of matter + diagrams
Solid - regular + touching
Liquid - irregular + touching
Gas - irregular + spaced out
Describe solid arrangements
Remain in fixed positions
Can only vibrate
Regular lattice
Densely packed
What are the particles not able to do in a solid?
Not free to move around
What forces hold together a solid?
Ionic bonds (electrostatic forces of attraction)
Covalent bonds
Metallic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Dipole-dipole bonding
Van der waals
Describe liquid arrangements
Fixed volume
Particles are close together but not as dense as a solid
Particles free to move around
Particles can move any direction (random)
What forces hold a liquid together?
Similar to those in a solid but there are fewer forces attracting the particles so the particles can change position.
Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole forces
Van der waals
Describe gases arrangement
Doesn’t have a fixed shape
Occupies volume of its container
Gas particles are far apart - low density
Particles can move freely and any direction
What are gases made up of?
Particles that have no forces of attraction between them
Melting meaning
When a solid is heated it gains energy.
The particles vibrate and the temperature continues to rise until the substances melting point is reached.
The supplied energy is used to break the FOAs / bonds between the particles. (Solid to liquid)
When do the IMFs have any effect on the gas particles?
When they’re close together at a:
1. High pressure
2. Low temperature
What does the temperature do when theres a state change?
The temperature remains constant until the entire solid has melted - this is why the graph is flat when there is a state change.
Boiling meaning
When a liquid is heated particles gain enough energy the FOAs are overcome and liquid turns into a gas.
The temperature continues to rise until the substances boiling point is reached.
The supplied energy is used to break the FOAs / bonds between the particles. (Liquid to gas)
What does it mean when the line of the graph is straight?
State change.
Energy being put into breaking FOAs between particles rather than into kinetic energy (heat)
What does it mean when the line on the graph is increasing?
The temperature is rising as energy being supplied is put into increasing the kinetic energy
Condensation meaning
Change that occurs when gas turns into a liquid.
Temperature at which a substance condenses is the same as its boiling boing - energy released when a substance condenses and the stronger the bonds formed on condensing the more energy is released.
