Up to Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Chapter 6 | about new kingdoms acquired with one's own armies and one's own skill

Answer 1

princes should strive to imitate the examples set by great rulers of the past even if that means getting lofty goals. this way f a prince fails to meet those lofty goals, his actions will nevertheless enhance his reputation as a great or powerful ruler.

Answer 2

one way that rulers acquire states is through their own abilities rather than the good fortune of noble birth, inheretance, or lucky circumstances. Relying on one's personal prowess is a very difficult method of acquiring a state. However, a state acquired by a ruler's natural skill will prove easier to maintain control over. Examples of rulers who triumphed on the strength of their own powers include Moses, Cyrus, Romulus and Theseus.

Answer 3

he wiped out disloyal troops and established a loyal army, and he maintained a friendly yet cautious relationship with other kings and prices. he was unable to complete the consolidation of his power when his father died**

Answer 4

Machiavelli continues to describe the ways that a man can become a prince. In addition to fortune and prowess, criminal acts or the approval of his fellow citizens can facilitate a man's rise to power. those who come to power by crime kill fellow citizens and betray friends. they are treacherous, pitiless, and irreligious. princes who commit criminal acts can achieve power, bit never glory.

Answer 5

Rulers who rely on prowess instead of fortune are generally more successful in holding power over states because they can meet the challenge of establishing a new order. Nothing is more dangerous or difficult that introducing a new order. This is because those who benefited from the old order will fiercely oppose the prince who tries to introduce a new order. A prince who relies on his ability to persuade others to support him will be unable to succeed against such opposition. However, a prince who relies on his own prowess and can force the issue will usually succeed. At times, forcing the issue might literally mean the use of force. This can be dangerous, but if the ruler succeeds in his use of force, he will become strong, secure and respected.

Answer 6

Sometimes private citizens become princes purely by good fortune. Such people buy their way into power, receive favors from someone else in power, or bribe soldiers. such princes are weak not only because fortune can be capricious and unstable, but also because they do not know how to maintain their position. buy their way or a favor doesn't mean they can't lead, but that doesn't mean that they can't lead

Answer 7

Laying a solid foundation is a crucial prerequisites for maintaining power. eliminate rival leaders and win the favor of their followers.

Answer 8

therefore when a prince decided to seize a state, he must determine how much injury to inflict. He needs to strike all at once and then refrain from further atrocities. In this way, his subjects will eventually forget about the violence and cruelty and gradually resentment will fade. Most important, a prince should be consistent in the way he treats his subjects.

Answer 9

a prince can come to power through the favor of his fellow citizens. princes who rise through this route are heads of what mach calls *constitutional principality* common people, noble people Common people are disposed to avoid domination and oppression of the nobles

Answer 10

the power to form a principality lies with either the nobles or the people. If the nobles realize they cannot dominate the people, they will try to strengthen their position by making one of the nobles a prince. they hope to accomplish their own ends through the prince's authority. the people will follow the same course of action if they realize they cannot withstand the nobles, they will make one of the people a prince and hope to be protected by the prince's authority.

Answer 11

a prince placed in power by nobles will find it more difficult to maintain his position because those who surround him will consider themselves his equals and his selection as prince arbitrary. However, aprince created by the people stands alone at the top. Jot only are nobles much harder to satisfy than the people, they are less honest in their motives because they seek to oppress the people. the people, on the other hand, only seek to be left alone Nobles are astute and cunning and always safeguard their own interests.

Answer 12

although a prince should always aim to keep an army of size and strength equaling that of any aggressor it is just as important to maintain defenses and fortifications. These defensive preparations not only provide security but also deter enemies from attacking.

Answer 13

Some might argue that if an enemy lays siege to a fortified city, the people inside, upon witnessing their countryside pillaged and possessions destroyed, will turn against their prince. But a prince who has made adequate defensive preparations can actually inspire his subjects during such times. To do so, he must convince the people that the hardships are only temporary and create feelings of patriotism. when the siege is over the grateful and obliged people will love the prince all the more

Answer 14

princes own troops mercenary troops auxiliary troops merc and auxiliary useless and dangerous "disunited, undisciplined, ambitious and faithless" because their only motivation is monetary. low moral unskilled commanders are worthless, but skilled commanders cannot be trusted to suppress their own ambition it is far more preferable for a prince to command his own army

Answer 15

big risk to hire mercenaries since the mercenaries were more concerned with increasing their own prestige and status than with taking risks or accomplishing military objectives, the conflicts between these mercenary forces devolved into a series of ineffective, staged, pseudo-battles, ultimately degrading Italy's political and military might.

Answer 16

auxiliary troops- armies borrowed from a more powerful state- are useless as mercenaries. they often fight well, but using auxiliaries places himself in a no win situation. if the aug fail, he is defenseless Aux troops' loyalty is to another ruler worse to hire aux than mercenary

Answer 17

if a prince does not command his own native troops, the principality can never be secure. depending on outside armies is Essen the same as depending good fortune. the use of auxiliaries and mercenaries is effective during prosperous times, but in times of adversity, reliance on borrowed troops, like reliance on fortune, is a perilous liability.

Answer 18

the only thing a prince needs to study is the art of war. this is the primary discipline of the ruler. mastery of this discipline can make even a common citizen a great ruler. the easiest way to lose a state is by neglecting the art of war. the best way to win a state is to be skilled in the art of war.

Answer 19

liberality or generosity is a quality that many men admire. but if a prince develops a reputation for generosity, he will ruin his state. a reputation for generosity requires outward lavishness, which eventually depletes all of the prince's resources. in the end, the prince will be forced to burden his people with excessive taxes in order to raise the money to maintain his preparation for generosity. ultimately, the princes liberality will make the people despise and resent him. Moreover, any prince will attempts to change his reputation for generosity will immediately develop a reputation for generosity

Answer 20

Aug. 29 1632- Oct. 28, 1704 often referred to as the Father of Liberalism He inspired both the European Enlightenment and the US constitution Locks political thought was grounded in the notion of a social contract between citizens and in the importance of "toleration" especially in matters of religion. Locke's political philosophy was guided by his deeply held religious commitments.

Answer 21

Locke was a devoutly religious man. Lockes idea of equality in the state of nature relies upon a certain christian theological context god created humans or a certain purpose namely to live a life according to his laws and thus to inherit eternal salvation; God gave humans just those intellectual and other abilities necessary to achieve this end. Humans using the capacity of Reason, are able to discover that God exists, to identify his laws and duties they entail, and to acquire sufficient knowledge to perform their duties and thereby to lead a happy and successful life Locke believed that the right to life and liberty are inalienable, meaning they cannot be waived or transferred or waived, because we belong to God. Our rights to life, liberty property and health can be forfeited however, when one kills or allows ourselves to be killed or submit to slavery that would be in violation of God's rights he gave to us. "do not harm another in his life, liberty, health or possessions"

Answer 22

Locke defines political power as a right of making laws with penalties of death, and consequently, all less penalties for the regulation and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community in execution of such laws and in defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury and all this only for the public good Lockes definition of political power has an immediate moral dimension. It is a right of making laws and enforcing them for the public good. power for Locke never simply means capacity but always morally sanctioned capacity morality pervades the whole arrangement of society, and it is this fact, tautologically, that makes society legitimate. Locke would be a conservative today because of his views on political power and property rights

Answer 23

what society would be like if all political and legal institutions were to disappear. humans are entirely free a state of perfect freedom and equality there is no political superior and inferior, that would be unnatural. that relationship only exists if it is created by free and voluntary consent. with that being said, there is a natural superior and inferior relationship between child an son. no consent is required there but it is in political relationships one enjoys the right to life, liberty, health and property in the state of nature AS WELL as the right to punish anyone who transgresses the law of nature and to exact compensation from those who have violated one's own natural rights.

Answer 24

The state of nature is not state of complete license, because it is set within the bounds of the law of nature. ALL ABOUT SELF PRESERVATION preserve yourself do not harm others help others if you can, but only if you do not harm yourself don't harm another in his life, liberty health or possessions natural laws forbid us to violate others natural rights This is self evident. pre legal and moral right. inalienable each person is naturally free and equal under the law of nature. each person is required to enforce as well as to obey this law. it is this duty that gives to humans the right to punish offenders. it is obvious that placing the right to punish in each persons hands may lead to injustice and violence. This can be remedied if humans enter into a contract with each other to recognize by common consent a civil government with the power to enforce the law of nature among the citizens of that state at some point, humans will want to punish those who they felt have done wrong to them even in a state of nature injustice cannot be tolerated need of a civil government

Answer 25

although any contract is legitimate as long as it does not infringe upon the last of nature, it often happens that a contract can be enforced only if there is some higher human authority to require compliance with it it is a primary function of society to set up the framework in which legitimate contracts, freely entered into, may be enforced a state of affairs much more difficult to guarantee in the state of nature and outside civil society you must have some form of government or structure otherwise it will deteriorate into chaos.

Answer 26

each person is entitles to as much of the product of his labor as he needs to survive. in the state of nature NO ONE IS ENTITLED TO HOARD SURPLUS PRODUCE ONE MUST SHARE WITH THE LESS FORTUNATE the introduction of money, while radically changing the economic base of society, was itself a contingent development for money has no inartistic value but depends for its utility only on convention acquire as much as you want but do not be a hoarder

Answer 27

in the community created by the social contract, the will of the majority should prevail, subject to he law of nature. The legislative body is central, but it cannot create laws that violate the law of nature, because the enforcement of the natural law regarding life, liberty, and property is the rationale of the whole system. Laws must apply equitably to all citizens and not favor particular sectional interests, and there should be a division of legislative, executive, and judicial powers

Answer 28

the legislature may, with the agreement of the majority, impose such taxes as are required to fulfill the ends of the state- including its defense. if the executive power fails to provide the conditions by which the people can enjoys their rights under natural law, then the people are entitled to remove him by force if necessary. revolution, in extremis, is permissible

Answer 29

his integration of individualism within the framework of the law of nature and his account of the origins and limits of legitimate governmment authority inspired the US DOE and Constitution. GW saw him as the greatest man that ever lived. Lockean principles are found in Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen and other justifications of the French Revolution

Answer 30

DOE US consitiution Thomas jefferson considered an honorary founding father of america advocates the natural liberty and equality of human beings "our natural rights" to life liberty and estate of property

Answer 31

Legitimate government is government by consent and limited Federalism Limited government constituted by a separation of powers US separation of powers - branches of government

Answer 32

Religious toleration

Answer 33

people have a right to Revolution

Answer 34

two treaties locke set out his own positive theory of government written shortly before the whig revolution of 1688 locke sets out: parliamentary supremacy rule of law constitutional government

Answer 35

two t was meant to be a practical book written in everyday language wrote two treaties in way to make common people think this is what I believed all along

Answer 36

say as least as possible and as directly as possible Oxford peeps said that's how locke was

Answer 37

the state of nature is not a condition of ruling and being ruled the state of nature is not a political condition the state of nature is a condition of perfect freedom- a condition without civil authority or civil obligation the state of nature is a thought experiment

Answer 38

the state of nature is not an amoral condition, it is a moral condition. it is governed by a moral law or natural law that dictates peace and sociability there is a moral law of nature that dictates no one should harm another in their life, liberty or possessions all civil authority has its foundation in a law of reason that is knowable by virtue of our rational capacities alone

Answer 39

the law of nature declares that we are all the workmanship of one omnipotent and infinitely wise maker and as products of divine workmanship, we ought never to harm anyone in their lives liberties or possessions this turn into a right of self-preservation the state of nature is a condition without civil authority the law of nature has no person or office to oversee its enforcement or its application the state of nature is a condition of peace and mutual distrust

Answer 40

the state of nature degenerates into a condition of Civil War where every individual serves as a judge Jury and E in the state of nature, eventually it'll be EVERYMAN FOR HIMSELF

Answer 41

the damnified person has this power of appropriating to himself because you have offended me, I have a right to your good and services because I am trying to exercise my self preservation. you are trying to preserve all man kind when you do this because you are preventing that person from doing it again If you feel you have been wronged in the State of Nature you have according to Natural law the right to appropriate to you self the goods or services of the offender (to take from them their goods and property whatever you feel appropriate) Everyone becomes a judge jury and executioner

Answer 42

SELF PRESERVATION

Answer 43

one may destroy a man who makes war upon him or has discovered an enmity to his being for the same way or reason you would kill a lion or a bear. if men are not under the ties of the common law of reason have no other rule but that of force and violence and so may be treated as beasts kill or be killed this is what we are to one another

Answer 44

human beings can degenerate into beastial behavior the freedoms we enjoy in the state of nature leads us to abuse those freedoms this forms that bases of Civil Government one must question whether the natural condition is one overseen by a moral law of justifying (for the peace you are peace you are supposed to live in, justifying why you can harm one because they harmed your peace)or sanctifying peace and security or whether Locke's state of nature is simply all against all

Answer 45

Scholars argue Chapter 5 sums up Locke's political theory human being is a property acquiring animal our claim to property derive from our work. labor confers value and is the source of all values the state of nature is given to all men in common parts of something only become private property when we add labor to it.

Answer 46

every man has a property in hi sown person you are born with property, this no body has any right to put himself the labor of his body, and the work of his hands, we may same, are properly his we all come into the world with certain property (ourselves) whatsoever that he removes out of the state of nature(private property), and hath provided, and left in it he hath work for property, join it into society, then its yours you can do this because god has provided you with your body which is what can give you anything you can do

Answer 47

and it is plain if the first gathering made them not his, not thing else could. that labor put a distinction between them and common that added something Ownership then becomes a right. the ability to secure that right becomes the genesis pot why governments are established rational and free people agree to be governed to protect their right to property According to Locke the world was created in order to be cultivated and improved those who work through their labor are the true benefactors of humankind and humanity the harder you work, the more you achieve

Answer 48

Just because god gave you all this land and world to be used doesn't mean you should he gave it to the use of the industrious and rational not to the fancy or covetousness of the quarrelsome and contentious Locke suggests the state will be a commercial state there are no natural limits to property acquisition the introduction of money/coinage makes unlimited capital accumulation not only possible but a moral duty

Answer 49

by enriching ourselves we unintentionally work for the benefit of others don't let anyone let you feel like you're too wealthy trickle down economics **lifted moral and political limits on labor**

Answer 50

you could cultivate one acre of cultivated land are ten times more than those which are yeilded by an acre of land of an equal rate I have here rated the improved land very low in making its product but as ten to one when it is much nearer an hundred to one labor is that important

Answer 51

an are of land that bears twenty bushels of where would without doubt of the same natural intrinsic it is labor then which puts the greatest part of the value upon land the lands means nothing until you work it it is worthless unless you put some labor toward it

Answer 52

The second expedient is an impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the posession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results the harder I work, Im going to live in a different class. we all have a different light in life that depends on how much that we work with our hands the only reason you'll have government is to protect property that we have used our hands to we all want as much as we possibly can

Answer 53

The second expedient is an impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the posession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results the harder I work, Im going to live in a different class. we all have a different light in life that depends on how much that we work with our hands the only reason you'll have government is to protect property that we have used our hands to we all want as much as we possibly can

Answer 54

State of nature, state of war creation of private property by the end of the fifth chapter we have the foundation for a full scale market economy within the state of nature people argue that Locke is re-writing the account of Hyman beginning in the state of nature man is a property acquiring animal an acquisitive animal

Answer 55

the problem for locke recognizes in the state of nature is its inherent "instability" with no civil authority the peaceful ability to enjoy one's property is continually threatened by War and Conflict the need for government arises out for the need to resolve disputes of property rights I worked so hard for this property that I am always anxious about this property being taken away everything is a part of your person is a part of your property the need for government is to figure out disputes with your property "the great and chief end of man's uniting into commonwealth is the protection of their property" the purpose of politics was the protections of property rights according to Locke. Property is rooted in our persons our bodies not just objects we turn into property we all begin life with a rudimentary property within ourselves. Property is everything that encompasses our lives, liberties and possessions. Property is hence things property to us

Answer 56

Locke emphasizes the uncertainty of the state of nature "life is full of fears and continual dangers that lead us to civil association" The state of nature is a condition continually beset by unease and anxiety (inconveniences)

Answer 57

By the end of the fifth chapter we have a kind of full-scale sophisticated Market Economy replete with various inequalities of wealth and property

Answer 58

it is our unease our restlessness that is not only a spur to our labor but is rather the cause of our insecurities that we have in the state of nature perpetually anxious character of human beings in the state of nature this restlessness and uneasiness represent the qualities of a new class- a commercial class

Answer 59

a new middle class who's title to rule rests no ton heredity or on tradition (not a customary ruling class a class whose title to rule comes from claims to nobility rather rhos title to rule or potential title to rule rests on their capacity for hard work, thrift and opportunity

Answer 60

the only way, whereby any one divests himself of his natural liberty and puts on the bonds of civil society (restrictions) is by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a community for their comfortable safe and peaceable living one amongst another in a secure enjoyment of their properties and a greater security against any, that are not of it

Answer 61

the ends of civil society serves comfortable, safe and peaceful living "when any number of men have so consented to make one community or government they are thereby presently incorporated and make one body politic, wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the rest" this statement make a case for "Democracy"(locke was considered by many a majority rule democrat)

Answer 62

legitimacy for a king comes from the consent of his subjects (majority) examples: caesar, Commodus, Caligula, Cleopatra, mark Anthony Locke is saying there is only one form of government is legitimate and that is Democracy

Answer 63

absolute monarchy because it lacks the right to coerce people to obey it.

Answer 64

self-ownership nobody has a right to our bodies but ourselves a person has an identity, amoral personality by the fact that we alone are responsible for making ourselves we are the product of our own making locke support a meritocracy (equality of opportunity) what a person does with his or her opportunity belongs to them

Answer 65

take care: president can exceed the limits of the constitution if they are taking care of the United States Locke argues when you consent to the executive, that will still happen Necessary and proper (elastic clause): president can exceed constitution if it is necessary and proper President is stretching laws

Answer 66

when the white man governs himself that is self government when he governs himself and also governs another man that is more than self-government- that is despotism. if the negro is a man why then my ancient faith teaches me that all men are created equal and that there can be no moral right in connection with the man's making a slave of another if you govern another man, you are going against self government and, therefore, the state of nature

Answer 67

a child is born of no country or government, you are property of your parents.

Answer 68

self-ownership nobody has a right to our bodies but ourselves a person has an identity, amoral personality by the fact that we alone are responsible for making ourselves we are the product of our own making locke support a meritocracy (equality of opportunity) what a person does with his or her opportunity belongs to them

Answer 69

take care: president can exceed the limits of the constitution if they are taking care of the United States Locke argues when you consent to the executive, that will still happen Necessary and proper: president can exceed constitution if it is necessary and proper

Answer 70

consent power of the executive we want to establish a national bank if we put this bank in Maryland we will tax you you cannot tax a federal instrument the executive of this county can put this bank where ever it wants maryland has consented to being under this federal system first time a state challenged the federal government and because

Answer 71

bodily property and private property bodily property: "self-ownership" men have natural and inalienable right to their bodies and labor power. one owns his own body (to make money) other people may not use a persons body for any purpose without his permission. but one can acquire property beyond ones own body through labour. by mixing ones labor with objects in the world, one acquires a right to the fruits of their labor (private property). You have a freedom and a right over your body and your hands and when you work hard you can have a happy life you should not be given anything. nothing is a handout property should be private. use your hands to get as much as you want it is far from clear how much labor is required to turn any given unowned object int o a piece of private property. (fence analogy). you need more.. to till, to maintain, to grow. You have to work for it. Private property: the right to enjoy exclusive control over and enjoyment over certain goods

Answer 72

what legitimizes this transition from a state of nature to a market economy? CONSENT According to Locke the origin of all legitimate government is said to derive from Consent the consent of the governed we consent in voting, paying taxes, following the law, pledge of allegiance Simply impossible to get unanimous consent Consent of the Majority McCullough v Maryland example for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, they have thereby made the community one body, with a power to act as one body which is only by the will and determination of the majority. it is necessary the body should move that way wither the greater force carries it, which is the consent of the majority the majority of people vote one way, the community will follow. the majority accounts for the entire consent

Answer 73

McCullough v Maryland we want to establish a national bank if we put this bank in Maryland we will tax you you cannot tax a federal instrument the executive of this county can put this bank where ever it wants maryland has consented to being under this federal system first time a state challenged the federal government and because

Answer 74

Locke defines political power as a right of making laws with penalties of death, and consequently, all less penalties for the regulation and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community in execution of such laws and in defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury and all this only for the public good

Answer 75

1. the king's authority comes from the right of a father's Devine right to command obedience from his children 2. the right listed in 1 is unlimited, as in the kind has the unlimited right over the lives and property of his subjects 3. government does not require consent 4. subjects do not have the right to revolution

Answer 76

Hobbes argued that the state of nature would be a place of lawless anarchy and everyone would be miserable and wanting to escape it that they would set up an absolute sovereign to maintain law and order. He also argued that in the state of nature there would be no justice or injustice due to no law and order Locke counter argues this would imply that men lack the capacity to act in such a way Liberal or constitutional democracy- Locke the father Lockes writings derived from Mach and Hobbes Lockes took Mach's the prince and turned it into a doctrine of sovereignty Hobbes social contract - the sovereign (the office, a place to go) Locke turned it into a society. to Locke it is a state of being without the sovereign we would be living in a state of nature with no civil authority no one able to enforce rules or laws the sovereign should have absolute authority

Answer 77

the one drawback of the state of nature is our lives and property are not sage and secure there. in the state of nature, there would be vigilante justice instead of a cohesive police force and those being their own judge and jury in compensation for violations of their rights. to solve these problems we leave the state of nature and create a civil society.

Answer 78

Locke believes that something can be transferred to you via gift or you can appropriate something by mixing it with your labor.

Answer 79

Since slavery violates self-ownership, it violates the laws of nature (unless it is punishment for someone who violated the law)

Answer 80

The state of nature is where natural law is in operational form. not an amoral condition, but a moral condition The state of nature is not a condition of ruling and ruler the state of nature is not a political condition the state of nature is a condition of perfect freedom and equality: there is no civil authority or obligation the state of nature is a thought experiment The state of nature is a condition of peace and mutual distrust

Answer 81

The state of nature is not an amoral condition. The state of nature is a moral condition, governed by moral law or natural law that dictates peace and sociability No one should harm another life, liberty or possessions

Answer 82

as a product of divine workmanship, we ought never to harm anyone in their lives, liberties or possessions. This turns into the right of self preservation.

Answer 83

section 11 the state of nature eventually degenerates into a condition of Civil War where every individual serves as a Judge Jury and Executioner of the Nature of Law. Every Man For Himself If you feel you have been wronged in the State of Nature you have according to Natural law the right to appropriate to yourself the goods or services of the offender (to take from them their goods and property whatever you feel appropriate

Answer 84

Self preservation

Answer 85

section 16 Locke compares human beings behavior to that of animals throughout tt human beings can degenerate into beastly behavior the freedoms we enjoy in the state of nature leads us to abuse those freedoms

Answer 86

gov must be limited gov must embody a separation of power - (the subordination of power from federalist papers) locke emphasizes that primacy of legislative the first and fundamental law of all consitutions is establishing that of legislative power.

Answer 87

establishing that of legislative power government is meant to prevent the possibility of tyrannical power

Answer 88

ESTABLISHING LEGISLATIVE POWER | the law making authority of government is supreme

Answer 89

locke treats the executive often as if they were an agent of the legislature ( carrying out the will of the legislature)

Answer 90

every community is to every other community is as every human is as to every human a distinctive federative within the government is necessary for dealing with matters of international conflict

Answer 91

war making power the federative falls under the executive

Answer 92

matters of war and peace cannot be left to the legislature or standing laws but requires the intervention of strong leaders. It is necessary in extreme situations for the princes to call on their power the executive must be able to act for the good of the community. they must work according to descretion for the public good without the prescription of law

Answer 93

The first step in his argument is to establish the terms and categories that he will use to make sense out of the multitude of different political situations that exist in the real world. Whether his categories do justice to the complexity of political history is a different question. Machiavelli creates an impression of directness and practicality by presenting the world in simple, clearly defined terms. His response, a set of empirically verifiable rules and guidelines, is derived from a study of the conquests of the past, especially those of the French, the Romans, and the Greeks.

Answer 94

Aristotle did not see all citizens as a nature of politics an community. Not all citizens are seen as equal, especially women and slaves, but he considers free citizens the entire reason for the state. Mach sees ordinary people as piddling creatures worth nothing. Such people will either love or hate their ruler, depending on whether they are harmed or injured, but as long as the prince can maintain control, he need have little concern for their welfare.the purpose of government is not the good of the people but the stability of the state and the perpetuation of the established ruler’s control. Machiavelli does not concern himself with what goes on inside the state but what occurs externally.