Untitled Deck Flashcards
What are the criteria for determining if a behavior is considered ‘abnormal’?
Subjective distress, maladaptive behavior, statistical deviancy, violation of societal standards, social discomfort, irrationality and unpredictability, dangerousness.
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence of a disorder?
Incidence refers to the number of new cases during a given time frame, while prevalence refers to the number of active cases during a given time frame.
What are the two main diagnostic approaches in psychology?
Categorical approach and dimensional approach.
What is the DSM-5-TR?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published in 2020, uses a primarily categorical approach to classifying behavior.
What is the ICD-11?
The International Classification of Diseases, published in 2022.
What are the strengths of the categorical approach?
Presence vs. absence of disorder, qualitative perspective.
What are the limitations of the categorical approach?
Comorbidity problem.
What does the dimensional approach consider?
It takes severity into consideration and uses a quantitative perspective.
What are the main types of research designs in clinical psychology?
Case studies, correlational designs, and experimental research.
What are the characteristics of case studies?
Comprehensive description of an individual or very small group, examination of rare phenomena, no control group, limited generalizability, poor replication, may not refer causality.
What is the purpose of correlational designs?
Examining the relationship between two variables without manipulating them; correlation does not imply causation.
What are the components of experimental research?
Independent variable (manipulated), dependent variable (measured outcome), experimental group, control group.
What is internal validity?
The extent to which study design allows conclusions that the intervention caused changes in the outcome.
What is external validity?
The ability to generalize study findings.
What is statistical significance?
The probability that the results did not occur by chance.
What is clinical significance?
The practical or clinical value of whether a patient’s functioning or quality of life noticeably improves.
What are the two types of research methods?
Longitudinal research and cross-sectional research.
What qualifications do clinical psychologists have?
They typically hold a Ph.D. or PsyD.
What is the role of a counselor?
They typically hold a Ph.D. or LPC.
What is the role of a social worker?
They may function as case managers.
what are the 4 D’s in identifying abnormal behavior
different
deviant
dangerous
dysfunctional
how to identify “different behavior”
unpredictability-most people dont do it
how to identify “deviant” behavior
rare, deviates from social expectations
how to identify “dangerous” behavior
risk to themselves or someone else
how to identify “dysfunctional” behavior
getting in way of life- ,most important
what kind of approach does the DSM-5 have
categorical- are the symptoms present or absent
problems with categorical approach
medications could overlap- comorbidity, miss out on people, if someone has 2 disorders which do u treat first
dimensional approach pros and cons
detail oriented
pain scale
takes more time and communication
what are the advantages of diagnosis
can get help-medication
know what youre working with
interprofessional communication
what is meant by prevalence
number of active cases during a given time frame
what is incidence
number of new cases
pro and con of case studies for research methods
pro- depth, alot of information small group
con-limited variability, could be long, poor replication
correlation research method
pro and con
self report data
pro- quick cheap
con- bias not trustworthy
what is meant in terms of correlational design
examining relationship between 2 variables, not manipulating
correlation does not equal causation
in experimental research you can say that the independent variable caused
the dependent variable
what are the 2 types of randomized controlled trials
single blind study- participant doesnt know which group they are in
double blind study- reseracher nor participant knows which group they in
what is internal validity
extent to which study design allows conclusions that the intervention caused changes in the outcome- does it work ?
what is external validity
does it work for other people? diverse
what statistical significance
the probability the results did not occur by chance
what is clinical significance
how does it help the persons life- noticeable
what is a risk factor
variable associated with a higher likelihood of the disorder
what is a protective factor
correlate that decreases the likelihood the person will experience adverse effects
protects against behavior of disorder
proximal versus distal
proximal- recent, ex: moving, breakup
distal- further in the past: vulnerability
what does the diathesis stress model explain
describes probability of developing a disorder
interactive/additive process
diathesis(genetics) x environmental stress (trauma) =
stronger the diathesis, less stress is needed to increase risk
what is the biological perspective
behavior results from biological processes in brain. brain structure and function.
what is the research methodology for behavioral genetics (3)
family history, twin method, adoption method
similarities between neurotransmitters and hormones
chemical messengers, affect behavior
neurotransmitters are associated with which system and are fast or slow
nervous system, fast, transmit information between 2 neurons
hormones are associated with which system and are fast or slow
endocrine, slow, enter bloodstream directly
what does the psychological perspective describe
how environmental factors and internal psychological processes interact and influence development of psychopathology
what is the id
the devil on your shoulder- pleasure principle
what is the ego
balances demands of the id with constraints of reality
what is the super ego
angel on your shoulder, morality principle
what if there is conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego
abnormal behavior
what is classical condition in terms of behavioral perspective
associating a neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that elcitis a naturally unconditioned response
is a conditioned responses voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
money for A’s, that behavior will drive you to keep getting A’s
negative reinforcement in operant conditioning
taking tylenol for a headache- removing so behavior occurs
what is observational learning
vicarious learning or modeling- learn a behavior without directly experiencing unconditioned stimulus or being reinforced
what is the cognitive behavior
assumes behavior results from distorted thoughts, beliefs, or interpretations
cognitive behavior includes schemas, which are
our representations of knowledge
what are attributions
process of assigning causes to events
what is cognitive-behavioral perspective most supported treatment
cognitive-behavioral therapy
thought behaviors and emotions are interconnected in what perspective
cognitive-behavioral
some examples of social influence on mental health
discrimination, access to healthcare, social support, race
what is a psychological assessment
process of gathering information or data about a person and their environment
3 steps of assessment
need an assessment for diagnosis need diagnosis for treatment
what are the goals of assessments
diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment planning, consultation, forensic, research, program evaluation
what is screening
short assessments, identify problems or predict risk
-asking someone how they feel
what is sensitivity in terms of screening
true positive
what is specificity in terms of screening
True negative
what is outcome evaluation
use of clinical assessments to determine if client is getting better
types of behavioral assessment
functional assessment, self-monitoring, behavioral observation
what is functional assessment
clinician and patient attempt to identify casual link between problem behaviors and environmental behaviors
wha behavioral assessment would there be an antecedent
functional assessment
what are diagnostic assessments
provide more detailed information, take longer to administer, typically interviews
-categorical and dimensional
what are the types of interviews in clinical interviews
unstructured- nonuniform, different questions is different order
semi-structured-start off with same 2 or 3 questions, flexible
structured- consistent, not flexible
what is a neuropsychological assessment
can detect cognitive impairment in functioning w/o machine. cheaper, task performance
personality assessments
old- inkblot tests
new-objective personality assessments: standardized measures that provide quantification of personality
what are psychometrics
properties of psychological tests
psychological assessments should be
reliable, valid, standardized, test-retest, predictive, normative
reliability is what
consistency across time and people
validity is what
accuracy
predictive validity versus construct validity
predictive- how well does it measure future performance
construct- how well does it accurately assess a particular construct
what is standardization
adds context to results of an assessment
what are normative comparisons
based on age, diagnosis, gender, comparing with a representative sample
what are self-referent comparisons
comparing clients scores with their previous scores
potential problems with diagnostic systems
stereotype, stigma and self fulfilling prophecies, over pathologizing, limited knowledge of era
what is a sufficient cause
guarantees the occurrence of a disorder
concordance rate in twins
the percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait
what is a contributory cause
increases the probability of a disorder developing
diathesis vs contributory
diathesis would be genetic predispositions
and contributory would be childhood trauma
what is construct validity
how well is it testing the thing its testing
health includes what 4 things
psychological, biological, social, spiritual
what is stress
internal and subjective. emotional experience, response to a stressor
what is a stressor
external event that requires coping
primary appraisal in terms of stress
immediate response, is there danger
secondary appraisal
do i have the coping skills or resources to deal with the stressor
examples of problem focused coping
getting a tutor after failing an exam
emotion focused coping examples
bed rotting, avoidance
3 steps of general adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
what is alarm
physiological, cascade of responses, fight or flight
what is resistance
after secondary appraisal, adapting and finding ways to cope with stressor
exhaustion
prolonged experience to stressors, no longer have resistance
the HPA axis uses what kind of mechanism
negative feedback
if cortisol is released what is the outcome
swelling, inflammation
emotions versus affect
emotions are in the moment while affect is longer term and consistent
adjustment disorder
doesnt require traumatic event, no biopsychosocial, begin within 3 months of stressor
trauma definition
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
acute distress disorder
requires a traumatic event, symptoms last less than one month
post traumatic stress disorder 4 components
intrusions, alterations in arousal and reactivity, negative alterations in cognition and mood, avoidance
prolonged exposure treatments emphasizes what
avoidance
