exam 3 Flashcards
what are the big 5 of personality
OCEAN
O-openness
C-consciensciousness
E-extraversion
A-agreeableness
N-Neuroticism
how to characterize personality disorders (3)
Persistent
Pervasive
Pathological
personality definition
individuals unique and stable way of experiencing the world
what are the difficulties in diagnosing personality disorders
-decreased consistency/reliability
-can be overlapping other traits
-continuum- difficult to identify extreme
traits that describe cluster A and diagnoses of cluster A
odd or eccentric
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
traits that describe cluster B and the diagnoses
dramatic, emotional, erratic
-Antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, histrionic
traits that describe cluster C and diagnoses
anxious, fearful
- avoidant dependent, obsessive compulsive
how to distinguish paranoid personality disorder
-distrust of all people
-assuming- seeing in places that dont make sense
-looking for someone to do you wrong
how to distinguish schizoid personality disorder
- do not care about others nor their opinions
-least likely to seek therapy - no non-verbal communication/gestures, cold and flat
how to distinguish schizotypal personality disorder
- want relationships but uncomfortable
- odd behavior, fashion, beliefs, speech
-think their behavior influences the world
biopsychosocial of schizotypal personality disorder
-can be a precursor to schizophrenia
-heritable, and in men
-psychological: high openness, low extroversion
how to distinguish antisocial personality disorder
-breaks the law
-impulsivity
-lack of remorse or guilt!
-aggressive
where would you find most people with antisocial personality disorder
jails- forensic setting
risk-> childhood->adolescence-> adulthood
in terms of antisocial personality disorder
-risk: genetics, parent mental health, hyperactivity
-childhood: history of abuse, permissive parenting, academic problems, oppositionality
-adolescence: delinquent friends, CONDUCT DISORDER
-adulthood: incarceration, burnout
borderline personality disorder
impulsive, unstable relationships, frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
histrionic personality disorder
uncomfortable if not center of attention, provocative- care what people think to get validation
narcissistic personality disorder
belief that one is special, dont care what people think because think theyre better than everyone else
avoidant personality disorder
-more severe than social anxiety
-avoids due to criticism, disapproval, rejection
dependent personality disorder
excessive need to be taken care of. advice or reassurance to make decisions
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
control freaks -excessive devotion to work and productivity
many individuals with cluster A are not seeking
treatment
what is the only empirically supported treatment for personality disorders
dialectal behavior therapy
psychopathy
more specific type of antisocial with deeper emotional and interpersonal traits. both traits and behavior
substance use
use of substance that does not impair functioning
substance intoxication
psychological changes in CNS, reversible
depressants/sedatives
alcohol, hypnotics, barbituates, benzos
stimulants
caffeine, cocaine/meth, tobacco
opiates/narcotics
opioids
hallucinogens
cannabis
what neurotransmitters does alcohol affect
GABA-inhibitory
glutamate- excitatory
what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
dementia due to recurrent alcohol use
what neurotransmitter(s) do barbiturates act on
GABA
stimulants can increase____ and work by increasing ____
energy, dopamine
withdrawal of stimulants has the opposite effect of
the high
what is the most frequent drug used worldwide
caffeine
effects of adenosine receptors and caffeine
the more of them, the more tired you become- how tolerance happens
how does cocaine work
inhibits reabsorption of dopamine
how is nicotine addiction maintained
negative reinforcement, removing anxiety with hit of vape
what neurotransmitters do opioids affect
treating pain by mimicking endorphins
what do hallucinogens disrupt in terms of neurotransmitters
serotonin system
why do people have different reactions to cannabis
different concentration of endogenous cannabinoid
inhalants
vapors from a variety of chemicals that yield an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation
neurotransmitter that mimics effect of inhalants
none
psychological factors and etiology of substance use
positive reinforcement- when you do drug, feels good so more likely to do it again
negative reinforcement- maintain drug use because use removes unpleasant state
what is a compensatory response
When you take a drug repeatedly, your body learns to anticipate its effects and tries to counteract them in advance to maintain balance (homeostasis
what is the only behavioral addiction associated with substance related disorders
gambling disorder
biological interventions for substance use disorder
-methadone: opioid agonist
-buprenorphine (suboxone) : opioid partial antagonist
-naltrexone: (vivitrol) opioid antagonist
community options for SUD
-non evidence based
12 step program approaches
sMART recovery
issues related to SUD treatments
-levels of care
-how often using
-goal: abstinence or not
-one substance or many
what are the evidence based psychological treatments for SUD
-Relapse prevention
-motivational interviewing
-contingency management
how does contingency management work
based on positive reinforcement, money by not using substances
how does relapse prevention work
identifying antecedent and consequences of behavior
-harm reduction
what is the 12 step programs premise
addiction is an uncontrolable medical disease
what is sex
xx, xy, what is in chromosomes, hormones, what contributes to being male or female
what is gender
social role of being male or female
what is gender identity
persons sense of their own gender
what is gender dysphoria
incongruence between the gender assigned at birth and their experienced or expressed gender
what is transition in gender dysphoria
living as desired gender, surgery, hormone therapy
psychological treatment for gender dysphoria
goal is not to resolve dysphoria, provide support, increase quality of life
what is paraphilia
unusual sexual interests, but do not cause harm to another person or create distress
what is paraphilic disorder
recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors not associated with phenotypically normal or consenting partners n
criterion A for paraphilic disorders
severity, over a period of at least six months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal
criterion B from paraphilic disorders
diagnostic, the individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person
what is fetishistic disorder
recurrent, intense sexual arousal of non-living objects, or specific non-erotic body parts
-criterion B
-need it for sexual arousal
what is transvestic disorder
recurrent, intense sexual arousal involving cross-dressing
-must be distressing
what is exhibitionist disorder
-sexual arousal from exposure of ones genitals to an unsuspecting person
-not streaking
what is frotteuristic disorder
sexual arousing from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
-not caught
voyeuristic disorder
sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person, who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
-peeping tom
sexual sadism disorder
sexual arousal from physical or psychological suffering of another person
-rape behaviors
sexual masochism disorder
sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
pedophilic disorder
sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a pre-pubescent child
paraphilic disorders etiology
-exclusively male
-onset adolescent or young adulthood
-classical conditioning for fetishes
biological treatments for paraphilic disorders
anti-androgen medications to try to reduce sex drive
-high recidivism with medication only treatments
psychological treatments for paraphilic disorders
no empirical
behavioral or CBT methods
-learning to decrease arousal to innapproproate sexual stimuli
difference between normal aging and neurocognitive disorders
normal aging causes changes in physical functioning, social functioning, and cognitive abilities
-typically gradual cognitive decline from previous performance
what is delirium
disturbance in attention or awareness that typically occurs in the context of a medical illness or substance
mild neurocognitive disorder
deficits do nit interfere with independence in everyday activities
major neurocognitive disorder
impair independence in everyday activities
significant cognitive decline relative to previous function
neurocognitive disorder due to alzheimers disease
neurofibrilary tangles, cerebral senile plaques, slow creep, impairments increase over time
early onset alzheimers is more likely to be
genetic
risk factors of alzheimers
-increasing age
-genetic factors
-hypertension, obesity, diabetes
protective factors of alzheimers
-physical activity
-increased mental activity
-advanced education
-use of NSAIDS
alzheimers is curable and reversible true or false
false
what is vascular neurocognitive disorder
cognitive impairment due to vascular disease (stroke)
what is parkinsons disease
specific motor impairments
what is huntongtons disease
rare, genetic, degenerative disorder
-cognitive and specific motor impairments
-terminal
