exam 2 Flashcards
how are fear and anxiety related
both emotions
difference between fear and anxiety
fear= alarm reaction in response to immediate danger
anxiety= apprehension about possible future danger
why is fear good? what about anxiety?
evolutionary- keeps us alive
-preparedness
emotions like fear and anxiety have 3 distinct components what are they
physiological response
cognitive symptoms or emotional distress
behavioral
fear activates what main branch of the nervous system
sympathetic
fight flight or freeze
what does the parasympathetic system do regarding fear
returns body to resting state
what is worry
negative expectations about the future that are excessive
what can worry lead to
behaviors that are negatively reinforced
checking emails reduces worry temporarily-behavior increases- negative reinforcement
the more you avoid the ___ it becomes. in terms of a graph you would no longer start at
bigger, 0
how do we distinguish normal anxiety and abnormal anxiety
- functional impairment
-developmental age
-sociodemographic and cultural factors
learning theory of anxiety disorders
step 1- acquired by classical conditioning
step 2. maintained by operant conditioning
what is a panic attack
discrete period of intense fear and physical arousal
what is panic disorder
recurrent unexpected panic attacks and either persistent concern of future attacks or behavior changes related
what is agoraphobia
'’fear of the marketplace” avoiding going anywhere
situations where escape might be difficult or unavailable
how would you treat panic disorder
panic control treatment (PCT) - learn about cognitive distortions maintaining panic symptoms
medication
what is this? it is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
what are the four major groups of phobias
- animals
- natural environment
- blood-injection
- situational
specific phobia treatment
exposure therapy- gradual imaginal and or in vivo exposure to the feared stimulus
-excessive fear of social situations that could involve evaluation by others
-developmental trajectory
-fear that others will detect anxiety or will behave in a way that is embarrassing
what are these symptoms of
social anxiety disorder
what is the biopsychosocial etiology of social anxiety disorder
-associated with a history of criticism/negative social experiences
-decreased sense of control, predictability
-distorted interpretations of events
treatments of social anxiety disorder
medications
cognitive behavioral therapy
what is generalized anxiety disorder characterized by
excessive anxiety or worry across many different domains
-meta worry
physiological symptoms of anxiety
biopsychosocial factors of generalized anxiety disorder
worry reinforces worry
genetic predisposition
sensitive to threat
disruptions in neurotransmitter systems
treatment for GAD
medications
cognitive behavioral therapy
acceptance and commitment therapy
what are obsessions
recurrent, persistent, intrusive thoughts
what are compulsions
repetitive behaviors
maintained by negative reinforcement
obsessive compulsive disorder associated features
comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorders
equally prevalent by sex
age discrepancies
moderate heritability
increased serotonin sensitivity
biological treatment for obsession compulsion disorder
-medication, doesnt go away
-psychosurgery, end of road treatment
psychological treatment for obsessive compulsion disorder
exposure and response prevention
obsessive compulsive related disorders
body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation, hoarding
what is the neutral mood
euthymic
what is a depressive episode
a period of at least 2 weeks in which at least 5 of following symptoms are present
-depressed mood
-weight loss or gain
-insomnia or hypersomnia
psychomotor retardation or agitation
-fatigue or loss of energy
-inappropriate guilt
-concentration difficulties
-recurrent suicidal thoughts
-experience of a major depressive episode with functional impairment
-episodic
-no history of mania or hypomania
major depressive disorder
what is the most common psychiatric disorder in the US
major depressive disorder
what is persistent depressive disorder
-chronically depressed mood that lasts for at least 2 years
-usually less severe than MDD
- can have periods of MDD + PDD
biological etiology of depressive disorders
MDD can run in families
dysregulation of HPA axis
sleep disturbance and circadian rhythm
inconsistent findings for sex differences
psychosocial etiology of depressive disorders
stressful life events
-psychodynamic theory
cognitive behavioral etiology of depressive disorders
behavioral- withdrawal of positive reinforcement
cognitive- maladaptive thinking patterns
cognitive behavior theory-> negative thoughts and beliefs-> lose out on positive reinforcements
becks cognitive theory
what is the hopelessness theory
pessimistic attribution style+negative life events
also kind of follows diathesis stress model
psychological treatment for depressive disorders
cognitive therapy
behavioral activation
cognitive behavioral therapy
interpersonal therapy
biological treatment for depressive disorder
medications, 2nd generation=ssris and snris
biological interventions for depressive disorders
electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, bright light therapy
what is a suicidal ideation
thoughts of death or suicide
passive suicidal ideation
thinking about or wishing to be dead but not “how”
active suicidal ideation
thinking about or wishing to be dead and about how they would
nonsuicidal self injury
behaviors associated with causing pain/discomfort without intent to die. cutting
what is the interpersonal theory of suicide
percieved burdensomeness
thwarted belongingness
acquired capacity
what is a mixed state episode
experiencing symptoms of mania and depression at the same time
bipolar 1 disorder versus 2
bipolar 1 is characterized by at least 1 manic episode
bipolar 2- at least one one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
what is cyclothymic disorder
fluctuations between hypomania and depressive symptoms - 2 years
etiology of bipolar disorders
heavily genetic, neurochemical changes, disturbances in circadian rhythm, diathesis stress model
biological treatments of bipolar disorders
lithium, antipsychotics, antidepressants
psychological treatment of bipolar disorders
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
-routines, interpersonal relationships
somatic symptom disorders
of or relating to the body, medically unexplained
excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to somatic symptoms or associated with health concerns as manifested by
persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms
high functional impairment, high health care utilization and unnecessary medical procedures, more commonly diagnosed in women is what
somatic symptom disorder
treatment of somatic symptom disorder
medical management, cognitive behavioral treatment
etiology of somatic symptom disorder
learning history, misinterpreted bodily sensations
illness anxiety disorder aka hypochondriasis
excessive preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness
reinforcement in illness anxiety disorder
primary gain- internal motivators
secondary gain- getting out of work
malingering- intentional to get/avoid something
conversion disorder
symptoms of altered motor or sensory dysfunction not attibutable to a medical condition or physical cause
person makes themself sick but unaware of why they are making themself sick
imposed on self fictitious disorder
what disorders have secondary gain for the symptoms or being perceived by others as being ill
conversion, factitious
what is dissociation
disruption in normal processes of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
inability to access information or control mental functions normally
dissociation
5 types of dissociation
deperosnalization, derealization, amnesia, identity confusion, identity alteration
feeling like you are standing next to yourself or watching yourself do something as if you were looking at another person
depersonalization
feeling that other people, objects, or the world around you is not real
derealization
dissociative fugue
purposeful or bewildered wandering associated with identity amnesia
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall memory of self information, inconsistent with normal forgetting
dissociative identity disorder
disruption of identity charcterized by 2 or more distinct personality states and recurrent gaps in memory
sociocognitive theory of dissociative identity disorder
patient highly suggestible and adapts to reinforcement
treatment of dissociative disorders
clears up on its own, no empirically supported
what is pica
eating compulsively non nutritious things
what is rumination disorder
does not consume- chew chew spit it out
what is avoidant/ restrictive food intake disorder
adverse reactions to foods, couple of safe foods
anorexia nervosa
intense fear of gaining weight, malnourished
what has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder
anorexia nervosa
difference between restrictive and binge eating anorexia nervosa
restrictive- not eating
binge- innapropriate compensatory behvaiors
what is a binge episode
associated with loss of control- intentionally
an amount that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances
in bulimia nervosa innapropriate compensatory behaviors are what
negative reinforcement
to prevent weight gain
bulimia nervosa is characterized by what
recurrent episodes of binge eating with inappropriate compensatory behaviors
associated personality characteristics with bulimia nervosa
perfectionism, high impulsivity, rigid and obsessive
bulimia nervosa vs binge/ purge anorexia nervosa
anorexia nervosa= below bmi
binge eating disorder
characterized by regular binge eating behaviors, without compensatory behaviors
biological etiology of eating disorder
hypothalamus, stress, dysregulation of neurotransmitter, genetics
psychological etiology of eating disorder
family models, cognitive behavioral, sociocultural, psychodynamic
treatment of eating disorders
normalize and stabilize eating behavior and weight
-cbt
-interpersonal psychotherapy
anorexia nervosa treatment
psychotheraoy, nutrition, medical observation, medication if comorbid
