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Year 8 Science > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What is a body system?

A

A group of organs and tissues working together to perform specific functions in the body.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A specialized structure within the body that performs a specific function.

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3
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function – e.g. epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nerve tissue.

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic unit of life, the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through chewing and muscular movements.

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7
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A mass of chewed food created by mechanical digestion that is ready to be swallowed.

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8
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The coordinated, rhythmic muscular contractions that move food and other materials through the digestive tract.

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9
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food using enzymes and chemicals to extract nutrients.

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10
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, speeding up the conversion of substrates into products.

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11
Q

What is protease?

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

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12
Q

What is amylase?

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars like glucose.

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13
Q

What is lipase?

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

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14
Q

What is saliva?

A

The watery fluid produced in the mouth, containing enzymes that begin the digestive process.

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15
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, allowing food to travel from the mouth to the stomach.

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16
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular organ that receives and digests food through mechanical and chemical processes.

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17
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

The long, coiled tube where most digestion and nutrient absorption take place.

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18
Q

What are villi?

A

Tiny, finger-like projections in the lining of the small intestine that increase its surface area for nutrient absorption.

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19
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, regulating blood sugar levels.

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20
Q

What is the liver?

A

A vital organ that performs various functions, including detoxification, metabolism, and bile production.

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21
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

A small organ that stores and concentrates bile, which is released into the small intestine to aid in digestion.

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22
Q

What is bile?

A

A greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, aiding in fat digestion.

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23
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

The portion of the digestive tract responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, forming and storing faeces.

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24
Q

What is the rectum?

A

The final portion of the large intestine where faeces are stored before elimination.

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25
What is the anus?
The opening at the end of the digestive tract through which faeces are eliminated from the body.
26
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
27
What are platelets?
Small cell fragments in the blood that help in clot formation to prevent excessive bleeding.
28
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
29
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body back to the heart.
30
What are capillaries?
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.
31
What is oxygenated blood?
Blood that is rich in oxygen, typically found in arteries.
32
What is deoxygenated blood?
Blood that has given up its oxygen and is returning to the heart, typically found in veins.
33
What is an atrium?
One of the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body or lungs.
34
What is a ventricle?
One of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body or lungs.
35
What are valves?
Structures in the heart and veins that ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow.
36
What is the vena cava?
The body's largest vein, carrying deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
37
What is the aorta?
The main artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
38
What is the pulmonary artery?
The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
39
What is the pulmonary vein?
The vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
40
What is the trachea?
The windpipe, a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi, allowing air to pass to and from the lungs.
41
What are the lungs?
Two spongy organs in the chest that perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
42
What are bronchi?
Two large airways that branch from the trachea and carry air to the lungs.
43
What are bronchioles?
Small, branching airways in the lungs that lead to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
44
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
45
What is the diaphragm?
A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity (thoracic) from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing.
46
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells convert oxygen and glucose into energy, carbon dioxide, and water, generating the energy needed for cells to carry out their functions in the body. GLUCOSE+OXYGEN->ATP,C02 AND WATER
47
What is breathing?
The act of inhaling and exhaling air, allowing oxygen to enter the lungs and carbon dioxide to leave the body.
48
What are cilia?
Tiny hair-like structures on the surface of some cells that help move mucus and particles out of the respiratory tract.
49
What is asexual reproduction?
A type of reproduction that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
50
What is sexual reproduction?
A type of reproduction that involves two parents, where the offspring inherit a mix of genetic material from both.
51
What are gonads?
The reproductive organs (testes in males and ovaries in females) that produce gametes (sperm or eggs) and hormones.
52
What is a gamete?
A reproductive cell (sperm in males, egg in females) that contains half the genetic information of an organism.
53
What is sperm?
The male gamete that carries half of the genetic material necessary for reproduction.
54
What is an egg (ovum)?
The female gamete that carries half of the genetic material necessary for reproduction.
55
What is fertilisation?
The process where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote.
56
What is a zygote?
The first cell formed when a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell from a female join together during fertilization.
57
What is puberty?
The stage in life when a child's body starts to develop and change into an adult body, reaching sexual maturity, including the ability to reproduce.
58
What is the menstrual cycle?
A monthly process in females where the body prepares for a possible pregnancy. If no pregnancy happens, the uterus lining is shed, resulting in menstruation (a period).
59
What is an embryo?
The early stage of development for an organism, starting from the time the zygote begins to divide and grow.
60
What is genetic variation?
Differences in DNA among individuals of a species, often resulting from sexual reproduction.
61
What is a hermaphrodite?
An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs, capable of producing both gametes.
62
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part, necessary for fertilization in plants.
63
What are atoms?
The basic units of matter, consisting of a nucleus of subatomic particles of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
64
What are elements?
Substances composed of only one type of atom, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
65
What are electrons?
Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
66
What are protons?
Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
67
What are neutrons?
Uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
68
What is the nucleus?
The central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
69
What is atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determining the element's identity.
70
What is a chemical symbol?
A shorthand notation used to represent an element or chemical compound.
71
What is mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
72
What is the periodic table?
A table arrangement of elements, organized by atomic number and chemical properties.
73
What are metals?
Elements that are typically shiny, conductive, and malleable, found on the left side of the periodic table.
74
What are non-metals?
Elements that lack many of the properties of metals, found on the right side of the periodic table.
75
What are metalloids?
Elements with properties of both metals and non-metals, found along the diagonal boundary between metals and non-metals in the periodic table.
76
What is a group in the periodic table?
A vertical column on the periodic table that contains elements with similar properties.
77
What is a period in the periodic table?
A horizontal row on the periodic table that signifies the number of electron shells in an atom.
78
What is a compound?
Substances formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together.
79
What is a molecule?
A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
80
What are mixtures?
Combinations of two or more substances in which each retains its chemical properties.
81
What is a chemical change?
A process in which the chemical composition of substances is altered, resulting in new products.
82
What is a physical change?
A process in which the physical state of a substance is altered, but its chemical composition remains the same.
83
What is a chemical reaction?
The process in which reactants are transformed into products, involving the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms.
84
What are reactants?
Substances that begin a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of products.
85
What are products?
Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
86
What is a precipitate?
A solid substance that forms from a chemical reaction in a liquid solution.
87
What is reaction rate?
The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs, often measured in terms of the rate of change of reactants or products.
88
What is an enzyme?
A catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.
89
What is a catalyst?
A chemical such as an enzyme that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without getting used up.

Year 8 Science (3 decks)

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