Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
what is a body system
A
groups of organs, within our bodies that carry out specific functions
2
Q
What are organs?
A
structures, composed of tissue, that perform specific functions
3
Q
tissue
A
group of cells of similar structure that perform a specific function
4
Q
cell
A
the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things. There are many different sizes and shapes of cells.
5
Q
fetus
A
an unborn offspring, particularly in the later stages of development
6
Q
dissection
A
the action of dissecting a body or plant to study its internal parts
7
Q
multicellular organisms
A
organisms that consist of more than one cell
8
Q
blood group
A
a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens
9
Q
intestinal villi
A
small, finger-like projections in the intestine that absorb nutrients
10
Q
Reproduction
A
Process by which organisms produce offspring.
11
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
Reproduction without fusion of sex cells.
12
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
Involves male and female reproductive cells.
13
Q
Hermaphrodites
A
Organisms with both male and female
14
Q
Gestation period
A
Time from conception to birth in mammals.
15
Q
Binary fission
A
Asexual reproduction by splitting into two.
16
Q
Budding
A
Asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from parent.
17
Q
Spores
A
Reproductive cells that can develop into new individuals.
18
Q
Clones
A
Genetically identical organisms from asexual reproduction.
19
Q
Placental mammals
A
Mammals that nourish offspring in the womb.
20
Q
Marsupial mammals
A
Mammals that carry young in pouches.
21
Q
Ovotestis
A
Organ producing both sperm and eggs in hermaphrodites.
22
Q
Gestation duration
A
Gestation duration
23
Q
Reproductive efficiency
A
Effectiveness of reproduction in producing offspring.
24
Q
Independent living
A
Ability of offspring to survive without parental care.
25
Offspring
Young produced by living organisms.
26
Dispersal
Spread of seeds or offspring from parent.
27
Ultrasound
Medical imaging technique to view fetus.
28
Fertilization
Union of sperm and egg to form zygote.
29
Puberty
Developmental stage for sexual maturity.
30
Reproductive technologies
Techniques aiding in reproduction, like IVF.
31
Multiple fission
a reproduction method where a single-celled organism divides into more than two cells
32
Vegetative propagation
the reproduction of plants using parts other than sex cells
33
Regeneration
the process by which some organisms can regrow lost body parts or develop from fragments
34
Parthenogenesis
the development of new individuals from an unfertilised egg
35
Cyanobacteria
microscopic organisms that are among the first living organisms on Earth
36
Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus, such as bacteria
37
Eukaryotes
organisms whose cells have a nucleus, such as Amoeba, Euglena, and Paramecium
38
Mitosis
a type of cell division involved in eukaryotic binary fission
39
Fragmentation
a form of asexual reproduction where the parent organism breaks into pieces, each capable of growing into a new organism
40
What is Hydra?
a small multicellular freshwater organism that reproduces by budding
41
Stromatolites
layered structures formed by the activity of cyanobacteria
42
Pseudopods
temporary projections of eukaryotic cells used for movement and feeding
43
Food vacuole
a membrane-bound organelle that stores food within a cell
44
Mycelium
the network of fungal filaments that absorb nutrients
45
Asexual Reproduction
A form of reproduction where a single parent produces one or more genetically identical offspring.
46
Rooting Medium
A substance used to support plant growth, which can be purchased from a nursery.
47
Angiosperms
Plants that have flowers and produce seeds enclosed within a carpel.
48
Petals
The coloured parts of a flower that attract insects.
49
Nectaries
Parts of a flower, at the base of the petals, that secrete nectar.
50
Pollen
The fine powder containing the pollen grains (the male sex cells of a plant).
51
What is the Stigma
The female part of a flower, at the top of the carpel, that catches the pollen during pollination.
52
Self-Pollination
The process where plants pollinate themselves
53
Cross-Pollination
The process where pollen is obtained from the flower of a different plant of the same species.
54
Ovary
The part of the flower that protects the ovules.
55
Ovule
The female gamete in flowering plants, contained within the ovary.
56
Stamen
The male part of the plant, consisting of the filament and anther.
57
Anther
The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
58
Filament
The stalk of the stamen that supports the anther.
59
Sepal
The part of the flower that protects the flower bud before it opens.
60
Receptacle
The thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs arise.
61
Genetically Identical Offspring
Offspring that have identical genetic information to each other and the parent.
62
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
Includes faster reproduction and the ability to produce offspring without a mate.
63
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Includes lack of genetic diversity which may affect adaptability.
64
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Includes increased genetic variation among offspring.
65
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Includes the need for a mate and longer time to produce offspring.
66
pollination
the transfer of pollen from the stamen (the male part) of a flower to the stigma (the female part) of a flower
67
self-pollination
the transfer of pollen from the flower's own stamen to its stigma
68
cross-pollination
the transfer of pollen from stamens of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species
69
insect-pollinated flowers
flowers that receive pollen carried on the body parts of insects from other flowers
70
wind-pollinated flowers
flowers that receive pollen carried by the wind from another flower
71
anther
the male part of a flower that makes pollen
72
pollen grains
the male gametes of a flower
73
pollen tube
a long tube growing from a pollen grain through the style to the ovule
74
style
the supporting part of a flower that holds the stigma
75
ovule
the receptacle within an ovary that contains egg cells
76
ovaries
female gonads, produce the female gametes (egg cells; ova)
77
endosperm
the food supply for the embryo plant in a seed
78
seed
a product of a fertilised ovule
79
seed coat
the protective layer around a seed
80
fruit
a ripened ovary of a flower, enclosing seeds
81
fertilisation
the joining of male and female gametes
82
zygote
the fertilised egg
83
What are gonads?
Organs in which gametes are made
84
What are the male gonads
Testes
85
What are the male gametes
Sperm cells
86
Are sperm cells produced continuously?
Yes
87
What are the female gonads
Ovaries
88
Are all egg cells present at birth
Yes but they are immature
89
What happens to the menstrual cycle during puberty?
It supports the growth and maturation of a n ovum
90
What is sexual maturity?
The capacity for an organism to reproduce
91
When do females reach sexual maturity
When they begin their menstrual cycle (period)
92
What is puberty
Time during physical changes and biochemical changes occur in an individual, leading to sexual maturity
93
How long does the menstrual cycle go?
approximately 40 years
94
What is the point of the female reproductive system?
to produce a baby
95
Where are the eggs produced?
in the ovaries
96
How many ovums do ovaries release
only one single egg
97
Where does egg form
In a capsule called a follicle
98
What are the fallopian tubes or oviducts
Tubes through which the egg passes through
99
What happens every month to an egg
It developes and matures and is released from an ovary
100
What happens in the fallopian tube?
Its the site of fertlisation
101
Where does the sperm and egg meet?
In the the fallopian tube
102
What is the utereus
A thick walled muscular organ
103
What is the uterus lining called?
The endometrium
104
What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
thickens to become rich in blood vessels
105
What happens to an egg when fertilised
It enters the uterus and burrows in the endometrium(Implantation).
106
What happens to the uterus when a fetus is growing
it expands many times its normal size
107
What happens to the endometrium every month
It prepares itself by thickening for pregnanacy
108
What happens to the thickened endometrium if pregnancy doesn't occur
It sheds which is called menstruation
109
Where is the cervix
At the bottom of the uterus (floodgates to uterus)
110
What does the cervix do to the baby
it protects it
111
When does the cervix open up
when the baby is about to be born
112
What is the role of the vagina?
allow the male penis to be inserted to deposit the sperm inside the female body.
113
When do boys reach sexual maturity
when they experience their first ejaculation, this is referred to as spermarche.
114
What is the point of the male reproductive system?
produce and deliver sperm.
115
What are the testes
oval-shaped organs that sit in the scrotum.
116
Where is sperm produced
are produced in the testes, this process is called spermatogenesis.
117
Where is testosterone produced
In the testes
118
What is the epididymis
A long coiled tube that rest on each testicle
119
What does the epididymis do?
Works to bring the sperm to maturity
120
How is sperm squeezed out the body
by muscle linings in the epididymis
121
Where is the sperm duct
A long tube that travels from the epididymis to the urethra
122
What does the sperm duct do?
transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
123
What is ejucalation
the release of sperm cells, seminal fluid and prostate fluid from the male
124
What is the point of the seminal vesicles and prostate glands?
to add fluid that provide eneergy to the sperm
125
What is the point of the scrotum
To protect sperm
126
Where is DNA stored in sperm
in the nucleus
127
What is the tail called?
the flagellum
128
What is the menstrual cycle
regular monthly changes in the hormones and reproductive organs of females.
129
What are the 4 phases in the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual Phase
Follicular Phase
Ovulation Phase
Luteal Phase
130
What does the follicular phase do
causes the egg/follicles to mature
131
what does the ovulation phase do
when egg bursts out of the ovary
132
what happens in the luteal phase
thickening of the lining (endometrium)
133
What does estrogen do
causes the lining of the uterus grow thicker and develop an increased blood supply.
134
What does progesterone do
helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg.
135
What does luteal hormone do?
makes the egg burst out of the follicle. This is called ovulation.
136
What does the follicle stimulating hormone do?
causes the follicles to mature
137
