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Reproductive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a body system

A

groups of organs, within our bodies that carry out specific functions

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2
Q

What are organs?

A

structures, composed of tissue, that perform specific functions

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3
Q

tissue

A

group of cells of similar structure that perform a specific function

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4
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things. There are many different sizes and shapes of cells.

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5
Q

fetus

A

an unborn offspring, particularly in the later stages of development

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6
Q

dissection

A

the action of dissecting a body or plant to study its internal parts

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7
Q

multicellular organisms

A

organisms that consist of more than one cell

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8
Q

blood group

A

a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens

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9
Q

intestinal villi

A

small, finger-like projections in the intestine that absorb nutrients

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10
Q

Reproduction

A

Process by which organisms produce offspring.

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction without fusion of sex cells.

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves male and female reproductive cells.

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13
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Organisms with both male and female

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14
Q

Gestation period

A

Time from conception to birth in mammals.

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15
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction by splitting into two.

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16
Q

Budding

A

Asexual reproduction where new individuals develop from parent.

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17
Q

Spores

A

Reproductive cells that can develop into new individuals.

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18
Q

Clones

A

Genetically identical organisms from asexual reproduction.

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19
Q

Placental mammals

A

Mammals that nourish offspring in the womb.

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20
Q

Marsupial mammals

A

Mammals that carry young in pouches.

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21
Q

Ovotestis

A

Organ producing both sperm and eggs in hermaphrodites.

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22
Q

Gestation duration

A

Gestation duration

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23
Q

Reproductive efficiency

A

Effectiveness of reproduction in producing offspring.

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24
Q

Independent living

A

Ability of offspring to survive without parental care.

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25
Q

Offspring

A

Young produced by living organisms.

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26
Q

Dispersal

A

Spread of seeds or offspring from parent.

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27
Q

Ultrasound

A

Medical imaging technique to view fetus.

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28
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm and egg to form zygote.

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29
Q

Puberty

A

Developmental stage for sexual maturity.

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30
Q

Reproductive technologies

A

Techniques aiding in reproduction, like IVF.

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31
Q

Multiple fission

A

a reproduction method where a single-celled organism divides into more than two cells

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32
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

the reproduction of plants using parts other than sex cells

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33
Q

Regeneration

A

the process by which some organisms can regrow lost body parts or develop from fragments

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34
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

the development of new individuals from an unfertilised egg

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35
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

microscopic organisms that are among the first living organisms on Earth

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36
Q

Prokaryotes

A

organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus, such as bacteria

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37
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells have a nucleus, such as Amoeba, Euglena, and Paramecium

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38
Q

Mitosis

A

a type of cell division involved in eukaryotic binary fission

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39
Q

Fragmentation

A

a form of asexual reproduction where the parent organism breaks into pieces, each capable of growing into a new organism

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40
Q

What is Hydra?

A

a small multicellular freshwater organism that reproduces by budding

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41
Q

Stromatolites

A

layered structures formed by the activity of cyanobacteria

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42
Q

Pseudopods

A

temporary projections of eukaryotic cells used for movement and feeding

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43
Q

Food vacuole

A

a membrane-bound organelle that stores food within a cell

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44
Q

Mycelium

A

the network of fungal filaments that absorb nutrients

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45
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A form of reproduction where a single parent produces one or more genetically identical offspring.

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46
Q

Rooting Medium

A

A substance used to support plant growth, which can be purchased from a nursery.

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47
Q

Angiosperms

A

Plants that have flowers and produce seeds enclosed within a carpel.

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48
Q

Petals

A

The coloured parts of a flower that attract insects.

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49
Q

Nectaries

A

Parts of a flower, at the base of the petals, that secrete nectar.

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50
Q

Pollen

A

The fine powder containing the pollen grains (the male sex cells of a plant).

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51
Q

What is the Stigma

A

The female part of a flower, at the top of the carpel, that catches the pollen during pollination.

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52
Q

Self-Pollination

A

The process where plants pollinate themselves

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53
Q

Cross-Pollination

A

The process where pollen is obtained from the flower of a different plant of the same species.

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54
Q

Ovary

A

The part of the flower that protects the ovules.

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55
Q

Ovule

A

The female gamete in flowering plants, contained within the ovary.

56
Q

Stamen

A

The male part of the plant, consisting of the filament and anther.

57
Q

Anther

A

The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.

58
Q

Filament

A

The stalk of the stamen that supports the anther.

59
Q

Sepal

A

The part of the flower that protects the flower bud before it opens.

60
Q

Receptacle

A

The thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs arise.

61
Q

Genetically Identical Offspring

A

Offspring that have identical genetic information to each other and the parent.

62
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

Includes faster reproduction and the ability to produce offspring without a mate.

63
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

Includes lack of genetic diversity which may affect adaptability.

64
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

Includes increased genetic variation among offspring.

65
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

Includes the need for a mate and longer time to produce offspring.

66
Q

pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from the stamen (the male part) of a flower to the stigma (the female part) of a flower

67
Q

self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from the flower’s own stamen to its stigma

68
Q

cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from stamens of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species

69
Q

insect-pollinated flowers

A

flowers that receive pollen carried on the body parts of insects from other flowers

70
Q

wind-pollinated flowers

A

flowers that receive pollen carried by the wind from another flower

71
Q

anther

A

the male part of a flower that makes pollen

72
Q

pollen grains

A

the male gametes of a flower

73
Q

pollen tube

A

a long tube growing from a pollen grain through the style to the ovule

74
Q

style

A

the supporting part of a flower that holds the stigma

75
Q

ovule

A

the receptacle within an ovary that contains egg cells

76
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads, produce the female gametes (egg cells; ova)

77
Q

endosperm

A

the food supply for the embryo plant in a seed

78
Q

seed

A

a product of a fertilised ovule

79
Q

seed coat

A

the protective layer around a seed

80
Q

fruit

A

a ripened ovary of a flower, enclosing seeds

81
Q

fertilisation

A

the joining of male and female gametes

82
Q

zygote

A

the fertilised egg

83
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs in which gametes are made

84
Q

What are the male gonads

A

Testes

85
Q

What are the male gametes

A

Sperm cells

86
Q

Are sperm cells produced continuously?

A

Yes

87
Q

What are the female gonads

A

Ovaries

88
Q

Are all egg cells present at birth

A

Yes but they are immature

89
Q

What happens to the menstrual cycle during puberty?

A

It supports the growth and maturation of a n ovum

90
Q

What is sexual maturity?

A

The capacity for an organism to reproduce

91
Q

When do females reach sexual maturity

A

When they begin their menstrual cycle (period)

92
Q

What is puberty

A

Time during physical changes and biochemical changes occur in an individual, leading to sexual maturity

93
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle go?

A

approximately 40 years

94
Q

What is the point of the female reproductive system?

A

to produce a baby

95
Q

Where are the eggs produced?

A

in the ovaries

96
Q

How many ovums do ovaries release

A

only one single egg

97
Q

Where does egg form

A

In a capsule called a follicle

98
Q

What are the fallopian tubes or oviducts

A

Tubes through which the egg passes through

99
Q

What happens every month to an egg

A

It developes and matures and is released from an ovary

100
Q

What happens in the fallopian tube?

A

Its the site of fertlisation

101
Q

Where does the sperm and egg meet?

A

In the the fallopian tube

102
Q

What is the utereus

A

A thick walled muscular organ

103
Q

What is the uterus lining called?

A

The endometrium

104
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

A

thickens to become rich in blood vessels

105
Q

What happens to an egg when fertilised

A

It enters the uterus and burrows in the endometrium(Implantation).

106
Q

What happens to the uterus when a fetus is growing

A

it expands many times its normal size

107
Q

What happens to the endometrium every month

A

It prepares itself by thickening for pregnanacy

108
Q

What happens to the thickened endometrium if pregnancy doesn’t occur

A

It sheds which is called menstruation

109
Q

Where is the cervix

A

At the bottom of the uterus (floodgates to uterus)

110
Q

What does the cervix do to the baby

A

it protects it

111
Q

When does the cervix open up

A

when the baby is about to be born

112
Q

What is the role of the vagina?

A

allow the male penis to be inserted to deposit the sperm inside the female body.

113
Q

When do boys reach sexual maturity

A

when they experience their first ejaculation, this is referred to as spermarche.

114
Q

What is the point of the male reproductive system?

A

produce and deliver sperm.

115
Q

What are the testes

A

oval-shaped organs that sit in the scrotum.

116
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

are produced in the testes, this process is called spermatogenesis.

117
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

In the testes

118
Q

What is the epididymis

A

A long coiled tube that rest on each testicle

119
Q

What does the epididymis do?

A

Works to bring the sperm to maturity

120
Q

How is sperm squeezed out the body

A

by muscle linings in the epididymis

121
Q

Where is the sperm duct

A

A long tube that travels from the epididymis to the urethra

122
Q

What does the sperm duct do?

A

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

123
Q

What is ejucalation

A

the release of sperm cells, seminal fluid and prostate fluid from the male

124
Q

What is the point of the seminal vesicles and prostate glands?

A

to add fluid that provide eneergy to the sperm

125
Q

What is the point of the scrotum

A

To protect sperm

126
Q

Where is DNA stored in sperm

A

in the nucleus

127
Q

What is the tail called?

A

the flagellum

128
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

regular monthly changes in the hormones and reproductive organs of females.

129
Q

What are the 4 phases in the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual Phase
Follicular Phase
Ovulation Phase
Luteal Phase

130
Q

What does the follicular phase do

A

causes the egg/follicles to mature

131
Q

what does the ovulation phase do

A

when egg bursts out of the ovary

132
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

thickening of the lining (endometrium)

133
Q

What does estrogen do

A

causes the lining of the uterus grow thicker and develop an increased blood supply.

134
Q

What does progesterone do

A

helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg.

135
Q

What does luteal hormone do?

A

makes the egg burst out of the follicle. This is called ovulation.

136
Q

What does the follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

causes the follicles to mature

137
Q
A

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