Untitled Deck

Question 1

What did Priestly demonstrate about plants?

Answer 1

Priestly placed a mouse in a covered flask with a mint plant and observed that the mouse did not suffocate, concluding that the plant produces O2.

Question 2

What was Ingenhousz’s contribution to photosynthesis?

Answer 2

Ingenhousz discovered that the production of O2 by plants requires light and the green parts of the plant.

Question 3

What did Engelman find regarding light and photosynthesis?

Answer 3

Engelman isolated spirogyra from chloroplasts and found that red and violet light are the most effective for photosynthesis.

Question 4

What did Hill and Niel discover about purple sulfur bacteria?

Answer 4

They found that purple sulfur bacteria produced sulfur and did not use O2, avoiding it when placed in a tank with bubbling O2.

Question 5

What is artificial photosynthesis?

Answer 5

Artificial photosynthesis involves using knowledge of plant photosynthesis to generate fuels.

Question 6

What is JCAP known for?

Answer 6

JCAP used photosynthetic techniques to make fuel more effective.

Question 7

What role do cyanobacteria play in research?

Answer 7

Cyanobacteria serve as model organisms for studying photosynthesis and are photosynthetic prokaryotes that generate more energy than they need.

Question 8

What is bio remediation?

Answer 8

Bio remediation is the use of organisms to clean up the environment, requiring only water, light, and minerals.

Question 9

What was the ATBC study focused on?

Answer 9

The ATBC study examined whether vitamins E and A could decrease lung cancer rates in Finnish men, but showed that lung cancer rates increased.

Question 10

What did the CARET study reveal?

Answer 10

The CARET study included women and showed similar results to the ATBC study, with increased lung cancer rates.

Question 11

What are the two types of electron flow in photosynthesis?

Answer 11

Cyclic electron flow recycles electrons around Photosystem I, producing ATP but no NADPH. Non-cyclic electron flow moves electrons through Photosystem II and I, producing both ATP and NADPH.

Question 12

What is photoinhibition?

Answer 12

Photoinhibition is the decrease in photosynthesis when light becomes too intense, compromising Photosystem II.

Question 13

What is RUBISCO?

Answer 13

RUBISCO is the most plentiful enzyme on Earth, responsible for CO2 fixation, but it has a low affinity for CO2.

Question 14

What is photorespiration?

Answer 14

Photorespiration occurs when RUBISCO binds to O2 instead of CO2, increasing CO2 and decreasing O2, particularly in conditions of higher O2 and lower CO2.

Question 15

What are C4 plants adapted for?

Answer 15

C4 plants can undergo photosynthesis in hot, dry environments with limited water by using PEP for carbon fixation, avoiding photorespiration.

Question 16

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 16

The ECM is a diverse set of molecules secreted by cells that help nearby cells stay in proximity to each other.

Question 17

What are the functions of the ECM?

Answer 17

The ECM enhances cell adhesion, promotes cell-to-cell specificity, acts as a barrier, promotes differentiation, and provides strength.

Question 18

What did the EpiDerm study find about ECM for tissue engineering?

Answer 18

The study found that Type 1 collagen gel allowed cells to attach, divide, form multilayers, and differentiate, while Type 1 collagen film did not.

Question 19

What is the significance of stem cells and ECM?

Answer 19

Stem cells require a special ECM called a feeder layer for growth and differentiation.

Question 20

What innovative method did Nano 3D Biosciences use for cell growth?

Answer 20

They used magnetic levitation to grow substrate-dependent cells without a traditional cell culture dish.

Question 21

What did experiments with sea sponges demonstrate?

Answer 21

Sea sponge cells, when separated, were able to reattach to each other, indicating recognition of the same organism.

Question 22

What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Answer 22

CAMs are proteins that mediate cell adhesion, with homophilic CAMs binding to the same type and heterophilic CAMs binding to different types.

Question 23

What are the three major types of cadherins?

Answer 23

The three major types of cadherins are E type (epithelial), N type (neural), and P type (placental).

Question 24

What is the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily?

Answer 24

The Ig superfamily includes N CAM, found in neural cells, which plays a critical role in embryogenesis.

Question 25

What is the interstitium?

Answer 25

The interstitium is a fluid-filled space that may be classified as a new organ, protecting organs from blunt force trauma.

Question 26

What is the role of collagen in the body?

Answer 26

Collagen is the most abundant animal protein, providing structure and resistance to stretching, and is involved in various diseases.

Question 27

What is scurvy related to in collagen synthesis?

Answer 27

Scurvy occurs when there is very low Vitamin C, which is necessary for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis.

Question 28

What are glycosaminoglycans?

Answer 28

Glycosaminoglycans are long, rigid, negatively charged molecules that bind to cations and create hydration shells.

Question 29

What is the function of proteoglycans?

Answer 29

Proteoglycans are complex combinations of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that play various roles in the ECM.

Question 30

What is fibronectin?

Answer 30

Fibronectin is a multiadhesive dimer that binds to cells via integrin receptors and is important in morphogenesis.

Question 31

What are integrin receptors?

Answer 31

Integrin receptors are proteins that bind to ECM components, existing in three states: inactive, low activity, and high activity.

Question 32

What is extravasation?

Answer 32

Extravasation is the process where white blood cells migrate to the site of infection.

Question 33

What happens during anoikis?

Answer 33

Anoikis is apoptosis in substrate-dependent cells that detach from their substrate.