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Bio 311 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the mV measurement for healthy people?

A

2mV for healthy people

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2
Q

What is the mV measurement for Myasthenia Gravis (MG) patients?

A

1mV for MG patients

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3
Q

What radioactive substance is used for ultrastructural autoradiography?

A

3H alpha bungarotoxin

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4
Q

What did experiments show about AChR levels in MG patients compared to healthy people?

A

Showed less AChR in MG patients than healthy people

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5
Q

What is electroplax?

A

Part of electric stingray with highest concentration of AChR

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6
Q

What happens when AChR purified from electroplax is added to mice injected with serum from MG patients?

A

Mice showed MG symptoms, indicating that just adding AChR won’t reduce MG symptoms

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7
Q

What do anti-AChR antibodies do?

A

Bind to the AChR and induce heterophagy, causing lysosomes to degrade and preventing them from being used

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8
Q

What do the experiments show about MG?

A

MG is associated with low functioning ACh and AChR levels

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9
Q

What is the function of Neostigmine in MG treatment?

A

Increases AChR esterase half-life

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10
Q

What is the role of Prednisolone in MG treatment?

A

Decreases immune response

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11
Q

What is Vyvgart’s mechanism of action?

A

Capillary endothelial cells bind to IgG molecules, preventing them from binding to ACh

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12
Q

What is the consequence of IgG molecules binding to ACh?

A

ACh gets degraded when IgG molecules bind to them

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13
Q

What is autophagy responsible for?

A

Organelle turnover; it destroys dying organelles

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14
Q

What is the half-life of mitochondria (M.T)?

A

5-6 days

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15
Q

What is a phagophore?

A

Membrane bound structure that starts autophagy and comes from RER

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16
Q

What is the effect of Chloroquine on cancer cells?

A

Can make cancer cells more sensitive to cancer drugs but can also harm normal cells

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17
Q

What are the side effects of certain treatments?

A

Myopathy - decreased muscle strength; Retinopathy - damage of the retina

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18
Q

What is silicosis?

A

A non-genetic/environmental disease caused by inhaling silica in coal mines

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19
Q

What does silicosis cause in the lungs?

A

Fibrosis and decreased CO2 O2 exchange due to increased collagen

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20
Q

What is the most common treatment for inherited lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)

21
Q

What causes Tay Sachs disease?

A

Absence of Hex A protein leading to GM2 ganglioside buildup in lysosomes

22
Q

What are symptoms of Tay Sachs?

A

Hypotonia, red spots in the retina, startled by loud noises, blindness, deafness

23
Q

What is Hurler syndrome also known as?

A

Gargoyle syndrome

24
Q

What causes Hurler syndrome?

A

Absence of alpha-L iduronidase

25
Q

What is Aldurazyme?

A

Enzyme replacement therapy for Hurler syndrome

26
Q

What is I cell disease caused by?

A

Failure to add M6P

27
Q

What is observed in I cell disease?

A

I cells have lysosomes without hydrolytic enzymes and excess lysosomal enzymes outside the cell

28
Q

What is Gaucher disease caused by?

A

Deficiency in glucocerebrosidase

29
Q

What is Cerezyme?

A

Enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher disease

30
Q

What is Pompe disease caused by?

A

Deficiency in alpha glucosidase

31
Q

What happens in muscle cells due to Pompe disease?

A

Giant lysosomes form as glycogen stays in lysosomes until converted to glucose

32
Q

What do proteasomes degrade?

A

Ubiquitinated proteins via the UPS pathway

33
Q

What is Velcade?

A

A proteasome inhibitor used to treat cancer

34
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane is porous; inner membrane has many proteins and increases surface area

35
Q

What is the role of cardiolipin in mitochondria?

A

Increases electrical resistance of the membrane

36
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondrial fission?

A

Distributes mitochondria to daughter cells during mitosis and removes damaged parts

37
Q

What does mitochondrial fusion do?

A

Maintains a homogenous pool of mitochondria in the cell

38
Q

What is the role of ER mitochondria associated membranes (MAM)?

A

Deals with mitochondrial fission, Ca2+ homeostasis, and regulates lipid metabolism, autophagy, and mitophagy

39
Q

What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)?

A

Opens under stress, releasing cytochrome C into the cytoplasm and triggering apoptosis

40
Q

What is the function of Cyclosporin A?

A

Inhibits MPTP and is used to transport stem cells

41
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Cells use glycolysis over mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen

42
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

Net gain of 2 ATP

43
Q

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form CO2 and dehydrogenated by NAD+ to form NADH

44
Q

What does the Krebs cycle convert Acetyl-CoA into?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, and 1 GTP or ATP

45
Q

What is the process of cellular respiration?

A

Includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC)

46
Q

How can mitochondria be turned inside out for experimentation?

A

Isolate mitochondria and place them in a low osmolarity solution

47
Q

What does validamycin do?

A

Messes with voltage and decreases ATP production

48
Q

What is the effect of mechanical agitation on F0 and F1 particles?

A

Separates them; F0 has working ETC but no ATP synthesis, while F1 has the opposite

Bio 311 (4 decks)

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