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Biology Nat5 ( Anjali ) > Unti Of Life > Flashcards

Unti Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Name the two raw materials needed by plants in order to make food.

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Name the conditions needed for the process of photosynthesis take place e

A

Chlorophyll and light

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3
Q

Name the products made by the results of photosynthesis

A

Glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

What is the source of energy which powers the light reaction

A

Light energy

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5
Q

How is the energy captured

A

Absorbers by chlorophyll

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6
Q

What happens to the oxgen formed during stage 1

A

Realises into the atmosphere

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7
Q

Which two products of light reaction la are required for stage two

A

Hydrogen and atp

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8
Q

What does the letters stand for

Where does the carbon dioxide for stage two come from if the plant lives (a) on land and (b) in water

A

A - air
B- animals in the water

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9
Q

Where does the hydrogen come from to allow stage two to occur

A

From stage 1 ATP

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10
Q

Where does the energy come from to allow stage 2 to occur

A

From stage 1 ATP

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11
Q

What controls this carbon fixation of reaction

A

Enzyme

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12
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reaction and carbon fixation

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13
Q

Describe the first stage of photosynthesis

A

Light reaction: the light energy from the sun is trapped by the chlorophyll in the chloroplast and is converted into chemical energy which is used to generate ATP. Water splits to produce hydrogen & oxygen. Oxygen diffuses from the cell

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14
Q

Describe the second stage of photosynthesis

A

Carbon fixation: a series of enzyme-controlled reactions which use hydrogen and ATP (Produced by the light reaction) with carbon dioxide to produce sugar

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15
Q

Complete the diagram (1) of photosynthesis on notes

A

👍

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16
Q

Complete the diagram (2) of photosynthesis on notes

A

👍

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17
Q

Look at the diagram in notes from increase of temperature. Explain what happens at point X

A

Rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature increases

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18
Q

Look at the disgrace effect the increasing temperature. Explain what’s happening at point Y

A

This is the optimum temperature of this type of plant. Rate of photosynthesis is fastest here

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19
Q

Look at the disgrace effect the increasing temperature. Explain what’s happening at point Z

A

Enzymes which controls photosynthesis are denatured

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20
Q

What can photosynthesis be limited by

A

Carbon dioxide
light intensity
temperature

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21
Q

Describe the 3 fates of glucose after its produces in photosynthesis

A

Starch - storage
For respiration
Cellulose ( structural )

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22
Q

What’s the definition of a limiting factor

A

A limiting factor is a factor while in short supply can slow or restrict the rate of photosynthesis

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23
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity

A

Total variety of amongst all living things on earth

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24
Q

What is the definition of a abiotic factor

A

Non living factors that can effect the distribution of organisms

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25
Q

What is the definition of a biotic factors

A

Living factors that can effect the distribution of organisms

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26
Q

Why is the definition of a community

A

A community - all of the animals and plants that are living in one area

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27
Q

What is the definition of a ecosystem

A

An ecosystem consists of all organisms living in a particular area and the non living components with which they interact

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28
Q

What is the definition of food chain

A

A sequence that shows the feeding relationships and the transfer of energy between organisms

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29
Q

What is the definition of food web

A

Food chains that are linked to show the complex feeling relation in a habitat

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30
Q

What is the definition of habitat

A

A habitat is the place where an organisms lives

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31
Q

What is the definition of omnivore

A

organisms that feeds on both animals and plants

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32
Q

What is the definition of a population

A

A population is a group of organimss of one species living in an area

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33
Q

What is the definition of a producer

A

Organism that produces their own food

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34
Q

What is the definition of a species

A

A species is a group of genetically similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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35
Q

What is the definition of a niche

A

A niche is the role that an organism plays within a community

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36
Q

Example of a producer if

Grass—->grasshopper——> mouse —-> owl

A

Grass

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37
Q

Example of a consumer if

Grass—->grasshopper——> mouse —-> owl

A

Grasshopper
Mouse
Owl

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38
Q

What does a food chain represent

A

Represents a feeding relationship within the community

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39
Q

What’s the definitions of interspecific competition

A

Interspecfic competition= when individuals of different species require similar resources so competition occurs

40
Q

What’s the definitions of intraspecific competition

A

Intraspecfic competition = while individual la of the same species require the same resources so competition occurs

41
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Moisture
Light intensity
Ph
Temperature

42
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Competition for resources (e.g food and space )
Diseases
Predation
Grazing

43
Q

What is a. Source of error for a light meter

A

A shadow may be cast on the light meter

44
Q

How do you minimise error when measuring light intensity

A

Ensure that nobody is covering the light meter

45
Q

What is a source of error of soul moisture

A

Moisture left on probe from previous reading

46
Q

How do you minimise error when measuring soil moisture

A

Wipe the probe between such reading

47
Q

How do you minimise error when measuring pH

A

Clean probe between each reading

48
Q

What is a source of error for pH

A

Contamination from previous samples

49
Q

What is a quadrant used to sample

A

Plants and slow moving animals

50
Q

What should a quadrat be thrown randomly

A

To ensure the results are more reliable

51
Q

Describe a possible source of error using quadrates and describe how it can be minimised

A

Ten quadrates may be too small a number of samples. To fix this we use a much larger number of quadrats. These could be studied repeating an experiment makes it more reliable

52
Q

What is a pitfall trap used to sample

A

Invertebrates ( e.g wood lice )

53
Q

Why should pitfall traps be levelled to the ground

A

It allows the ground animals to fall in

54
Q

Describe a possible source of error using pitfall traps and describe how it can be minimised

A

Birdss may eat the trapped animals we can stop this by making sure the pitfalls trap is camouflaged

55
Q

Describe a possible source of error using pitfall traps and describe how it can be minimised

A

Birdss may eat the trapped animals we can stop this by making sure the pitfalls trap is camouflaged

56
Q

What is a indicator species

A

Organisms that indicate levels of pollution or environmental quality by their presence absence or abundance in the environent

57
Q

What examples are there of indicator species

A

Daphina
Lincheaa

58
Q

How is energy lost while moving in the food chain

A

Heat movement and undigested material

59
Q

What is energy used for

A

Growth

60
Q

The definition of pyramid of numbers

A

Gives information about the total numbers of organisms in each level of the food chain

61
Q

What type of organisms do we find First at the beginning of a food chain

A

Producers

62
Q

What is gained by the predator that eats the prey

A

Energy

63
Q

What do the arrows in a good chain represent

A

The energy flow

64
Q

The definition of pyramids of energy

A

Gives information about the energy content of all the organisms in each level of the food chain

65
Q

What’s the definition of Algal bloom

A

Lots of algae which covers surface water ( block the light)

66
Q

What’s the definition of bioaccumulation

A

When toxic levels build up within a food chains

67
Q

What’s the definition of biological control

A

Uses natural predators to get rid of pests on crops

68
Q

What’s the definition of fertilisers

A

Chemical fertilisers are added to the soil to increase the number of plants which can be grown. Provides plants with nitrates

69
Q

What’s the definition of nitrates

A

Nitrates are used to produce amino acid while are synthesised into plant proteins

70
Q

What’s the definition of genetically modified

A

Changes dna of organisms

71
Q

What’s the definition of pesticides

A

Pesticides are chemical used to control organisms that can damage crops. Farmers spray crops with this to increase crop Felid

72
Q

What’s the definition of food production

A

Increasing human population requires an increase food yield this can involve using:

Fertiliser
Pesticides

73
Q

What’s the definition of crop yield

A

Increase plants

74
Q

Describe the 5 steps involved in the development of an algae bloom

A
  1. Fertilisers run into fresh water and add extra nitrates
  2. Numbers of algae increase CNA cause a bloom which reduces the light that can pass into water
  3. Aquatic plants die due to a lack of light
  4. Dead plants become a food source for bacteria so they will increase in number
  5. Bacteria uses an amount of oxygen meaning there is less for other organisms which will then die
75
Q

The chemical added to the soul by the gardener contained nitrates give the general name for this type of chemical

A

Fertiliser

76
Q

If 50,000 hectored of land available in Scotland to grow crops, what area of land was used for barley (55%) production

A

27,500

77
Q

State one problem associated with spraying pesticides onto crop plants

A

Bioaccumulation will occur causing predators to be endangered. Resulting to possible extinction

78
Q

What happens when certain pesticides pass along a food chain

A

The toxicity increases and can reach to lethal levels

79
Q

Fill in the blanks

Many pesticides are _____ chemicals that ____ break in the environment

A

Toxic
Don’t

80
Q

What does biological control usually involve

A

The use of a predator

81
Q

What animals are used for biological control

A

Use of lady birds to eat aploids

82
Q

Describe the negative impact fertilisers can have on our environment

A

Leaching/runoff algae bloom starts to form which blocks sunlight and causes oxygen levels to decrease so fish suffocate the balance in species in the community become unbalanced

83
Q

What’s of the following happens to the algae population, Bacterial population and oxygen concentration. When as a result of fertiliser going an leaching into a fresh water

A

Algae population = increases
Oxygen concentration = decreases
Bacterial population =increase

84
Q

What does a food chain represent

A

A sequence that shows feeing relationships within a community

85
Q

What does the arrows represent in a food chain mean

A

The transfer of energy

86
Q

Definition the term mutation and state the three types of mutation

A

A mutation is a random change to genetic material. Mutations may be neutral. Advantageous or disadvantageous

87
Q

Describe what impact certain environmental factors may have on mutations and give an example

A

Environmental factors ( e.g radiation) may increase the rate of mutation

88
Q

Des five how mutations may lead to organisms becoming better adapted to their environment

A

If a mutations produces a new allele that increases the change of an organisms survival

89
Q

When does natural selection occur

A

When there are selection pressures

90
Q

Fill in the gaps about natural selection.

The best adapted individuals in a population _____ to ______, passing on the favourable alleles that confer the selective advantage

A

Survive
Reproduce

91
Q

What is a formation of a new species

A

Speciation

92
Q

When does speciation occur

A

It occurs when a population becomes isolated from other populations of the same species and mutation occurs

93
Q

Isolation barriers can be:

A

Geographical - rivers, mountains
Ecological - pH, temperature, humidity
Behavioural - breeding cycles out of rhythm

94
Q

What are the stages of speciation

A
  1. Isolation:
    Populations becomes isolated by an isolation barrier
  2. Mutation:
    Different mutations occur in each sub-population
  3. Natural selection:
    Natural selection selects for different mutations in each group, due to different selection pressures
  4. New species:
    Each sub-population evolves until they become so genetically different from each other they are two different species
95
Q

Look on the diagram on notes evaluation of species

A
96
Q

How do we find out a percentage increase

A

Percentage increase = difference/orignial x 100

97
Q

How do we find out percentage decrease

A

Difference/no. Before difference x 100

Biology Nat5 ( Anjali ) (2 decks)

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