Multicellur Orgnisms Flashcards
Step one of mitosis
The chromosomes replicate and become visible. Each chromosomes is two chromatids joined together.
Step 2 of mitosis
The nucleus break down
Step 3 of mitosis
Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell. Spindle fibres attach to the middle of the chromosomes
Step 4 of mitosis
Spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart. The chromatid are pulled to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
Step 5 of mitosis
Separated chromatids are now called chromosomes and nuclear membranes form around them
Step 6 of mitosis
The cytoplasm splits. Two daughter cells are made
What does mitosis provide in detail
New cell for growth, repair of damaged tissues and replacement of dead or damaged cells.
What does mitosis maintain
The diploid chromosome complement
Stem cells in animals are
Unspecialised cells which can divide in order to self renew
What do stem cells have the potential to do
They have the potential to become different types of cells
What are stem cells involved in
Growth and repair
Specialisation of cell lead to what?
Give examples
Specialisation of cells lead to the formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs
Finish sentence
Groups of _____ which work together form system
Organs
What’s the specialisation of cells hierarchy
Cells——>tissues——>organs—->systems
Chromatids definition
The “wings” of an X snapped chromosome
Equator definition
An imaginary line down the middle of a cell
Spindle fibre definition
Structure that pull the chromatids apart during mitosis
What’s does the nervous system consist of
Central nervous system and other nerves
What does the CNS consist of
Brian and spinal cord
What is the function of the cerebrum
Memory and muscle movement
What I the function of the cerebellum
Balance and coordination
The function of the medulla
Breathing and heart rate
What are the three types of Neurons
Sensory, inter and motor
What do receptors detect
Sensory input/stimuli
What messages are carried along Neurons
Electrical impulses
Finish the sentence
______ transfer these ______ between neurons, at ______
Chemical
Messages
Synapses
What are reflex
Rapid automatic responses that protect the body from harm
What synapse
The space between neurones
What glands release hormones into the blood stream
Endocrine
Where are hormones released
Into the blood stream
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
What is a target tissue
A tissue that has cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones
Why do only certain tissues respond to specific hormones
Because only target tissues have cells with receptor proteins that match the hormone
What allows a hormone to affect a specific tissue
A presence of complementary receptor proteins on the target tissues cell
Role of insulin
A hormone that decreases blood sugar
The role of glucagon
A hormone that increases blood sugar
The role of glycogen
A carbohydrate made of lots of glucose bonded together
The role of the pancreas
The organ that makes insulin
The role of the liver
An organ where glycogen is stored
Target tissue and actions for insulin
Liver- glucose converted to glycogen
Target tissue and actions for glucagon
Liver- glycogen converted to glucose
Are cell diploid or haploid
Diploid
What cells are haploid
Gametes ( sex cells)
Where are the animal gametes produced and the name
Female = Ovaries produce eggs
Male= Testes produce sperm
Where are the plant gametes produced and the name
Male = Anther produce pollen
Female= ovary produce ovule
How much chromosomes in haploid and diploid
Haploid = 23
Diploid = 46
What is fertilisation
Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote, which divides to form an embryo
What is discrete variation
A characteristic that can be sorted into a particular group. These are controlled by one gene- single gene inheritance
What is continuous variation
A characteristics that represent a range of numerical values. These are controlled by more than one gene- poly genetic inheritance
Examples of discrete variation
Eye colour
Finger Print
Shoe size
Example of continuous variation
Height
Weight
Hair
What is a gene
Unit of chromosomes
What is a allele and example
Form of a gene
E.g allele for blue eye
Allele for green eyes
Phenotype
Physical appearance
What is a Genotype
Set of genes present
What Is dominant
Allele that shows up in the phenotype
What is recessive
Allele that is masked by the dominant allele. Unless two present show up in phenotype lower case letter
What Is homozygous/true breeding
Alleles in genotype are the same
What is heterozygous
Alleles in genotype are the different
What is P
Parent generation
What is F1
First generation
What is F2
Second generation
What is monohybrid
A genetic cross parental generation through to second generation
Give me reasons why predicted phenotypes ratios among offspring are not always achieved
Because fertilisation is a random process and involves an element of chance
What is spongy Mesophyll cells
A layer of cells which have small space that allows for oxygen to diffuse
What is the feel of mesophyll cells
Palisade or spongy
What is guard cells
Open and close stomata
What is epidermis
Transparent protective layer
What is a stomata
Pores for gas exchange
What is Xylem
Transport water/salt minerals
What is phloem
Transport sugar
What are the vessels in transportation biology
Xylem and phloem
What is the direction of transport in Xylem
Water&minerals are absorbed through root hair cell
What is the direction of transport in Phleom
Leaves to all parts of the plant
Is the xylem tissue dead/live
Dead vessel
Is the xylem tissue dead/live
Living vessels
What is the structural components of the xylem
Hallow tubes
Reinforced with strong rings of lignin
What is the structural components of the Phloem
Comprised of sieve tubes and companion cells
The guard and stomata
During the day =
They open to allow carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis to take place to allow oxygen and water vapour escape
The guard and stomata
During the night =
The gonna are closed to conserve energy
What happens to the surface area when water uptake by roots
These cells increase the surface area of the roots for maximum water uptake
