Cell Biology Flashcards
What’s the function of the nucleus
Controls cell activities
What’s the definition of the cell membrane
Control which substances can enter and exit the cell
What’s the function of the mitochondria
Where aerobic respiration takes place. Where energy is made
What’s the definition of the ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
What do both animal and plant cells contain
Nucleus
cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not have
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Permanent vacuole
What’s the function of the cell wall ( cellulose)
Gives structure and support to the plant cell
What is the mixture that the vacuole contains
Sugars salts and water
What’s the function/definition of the vacuole
Contains cell sap
What’s the function of the chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
What does unicellular mean
organism with one cell
Is bacteria multicellular or unicellular
Unicellular
Is plant cell multicellular or unicellular
Multicellular
Is animal cell multicellular or unicellular
Multicellular
What is cell wall made out of in the plant cell is it the same in material and fungal
No it’s made out of cellulose
What is contained in the bacterial cell
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Circular strand of dna
Plasmid
Flagella
What’s the function of the circular strand of dna in a bacterial cell
Genes they need to survive + reproduce
Tell me about plasmids
Their antibiotic resistance
Extra genes
What’s the function of the flagella
Propel the bacteria
What’s examples of plant cells
Oak leaves
Maple leaves
Asparagus
Basil
Onion
Cucumber
What’s examples of animal cells
Red Blood cells
Skin cells
Brain cells
Stem cells
Muscle cells
What does the nucleus contain
Genetic material / DNA
Definition of a cellulose
Carbohydrate found in plant cell wall
Definition of plasmid
Small Circle of DNA ( bacterial only )
Name one structure found only in green plant cells
Chloroplast
Dose root cells which is a plant cell have chloroplast
No because it’s found underground and is not green
Fill in blanks in notes cell biology one
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Fill in blanks in notes cell biology two
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Fill in blanks in notes cell biology 3
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Fill in blanks in notes cell biology 4
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Name the type of cells that have a cell wall
Bacterial
fungal
plant cell.
Where is DNA found within a bacterial cell
Plasmid
What cell types contain a cell wall made up of cellulose
Plant cell
Give a names example of a unicellular and multicellular organism
Unicellular- bacteria, yeast, fungal
Multi-cellular- human, dog, oak tree
What does total magnification =
Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
What does 1 millimetres (mm) = in micrometers (um)
1000
What is 1um in millimetres
0.001
How do you convert from micrometers (um) into millimetre( mm)
Divide by 1000
How do you convert from millimetres (mm) into micrometer ( um)
Divide by 1000
What’s the step of calculating cell size
- Measure the diameter of the field of view
- Count how many cells are along the diameter of the field of view
- Divide the diameter of the field of view by the number of cells
Given that a red blood cell in 7um in diameter, list the three different cell types in decreasing order of size
Rhubarb - 0.04mm
Cheek cell - 0.1
Rhubarb cell
Cheek cell
Red blood cell
What’s the definition of diffusion
The spread of particles from high area concentration to Low area concentration
What’s the definition of osmosis
The movement of the water molecules from a region of high concentration through as a selectively permeable membrane
Go to notes and fill in blanks of the structure of the cell membrane
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Diffusion is a _____ process which means that no energy is needed
Passive
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O_____ and g_____ enter a cell by diffusion
C_____ d_____ leaves by cell by diffusion
Oxygen
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Can large molecules still pass through the cell membrane
No some molecules are to large
What is the cell membrane describes as
Being selective permeable
What’s so the difference of HC and LC called
Concentration gradient
Fill in osmosis is in red blood cell in notes
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Fill in blanks in osmosis is in plant cell
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Examples of active transport
ATP
proteins
Protein pumps/ ions
Definition of active transport
Active transport requires energy for membrane proteins to move molecules and ion against the concentration gradient
Definition of passive transport
Passive transport occurs down a concentration gradient and goes not require energy
Examples of passive transport
Diffusion and osmosis
explain why diffusion is important to living things
Diffusion is important to living things because it is the way that molecules are moved form cell to cell
WhTz the definition of DNA ( found in nucleus )
DNA carries the genetic information for making proteins ( sometimes preferred to genetic code )
Structure of DNA;
Double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs
Definition of amino acid
Building blocks for a protein
What’s the definition of gene
Small section of dna which codes for proteins ( function = code for protein )
Label the dna nucleotide in notes
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What is the thing we remeber for complementary bases
All trains go CHOO CHOO
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A___ in one strand can only pair with t_________ in the other strand
G_______ can only pair with C______
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
How many chromosomes are there in a human cell
46
What is the name given to a persons 23 chromosomes
Human karoytypes
What is the double handed DNA molecule that is then twisted to form shape described as
Double helix
Fill in gaps
Complementary ____ Paris are help together by ____ bonds
Bases
helix
A DNA molecule consisted of 1200 subunits of which 500 are guanine bases. How many of the subunits in this DNA molecule will by Thymine
100
If a DNA molecule contains 4000 base molecules and 1200 of there are adenine then the percentage number of guanine bases present in the molecule is?
20%
What are proteins made up of
Amino acids
If a sequence of DNA was as follows what would its complementary base pairs be
ATGTGACTCCATAG
TACACTGAGGATC
What’s the steps of protein photosynthesiation
mRNA—————ribosomes—- AA—-protein
…nucleus from dna
The sequences of amino acids arise from what?
The variety of protein shapes and functions
What are proteins many functions
Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
What are enzymes function
As a biology catalyst made up of all living cells. They speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process
Finish the sentence
The shape of an active site ….
Is complementary to its specific substrate(s)
What does enzyme action results in
Product(s)
What reactions can enzymes be involved in
Synthesis and degradation
Fill the word
Each enzyme is most active in its ______ condition
Optimum
What factors can enzyme and other proteins be affected by
Temperature and pH
When enzymes are denatured what does this result to
In a change in their shape which will affect the rate of reaction
Finish the sentence
Genetic information Can be
Transferred from one cell to another by genetic engineering
What’s the stages of genetic engineering
Identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome; extract required gene; extract plasmid from the bacterial cell; insert required gene into bacterial plasmid; insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism
Genetic engineering used what in the process
Enzymes
Full in gaps
The chemical ______ stored in ____ must be released by all ____ through a series of ______ reaction called respiration
Energy
Glucose
Cells
Enzyme- controlled reaction
The energy released from the break down of glucose is used to generate what?
ATP
What can the energy transferred by ATP used for
Cellular activities such as muscle cells contraction, cell division, protein synthesis and transmission of nerve impulses
What is glucose broke down to
Two molecules of pyruvate
When glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate JSUT exactly how much energy is released
Realising enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP
What does glucose depend on if further breaking down
Depends upon the presence/abscene of oxygen
If oxygen is present in the break down of glucose what happens
Aerobic respiration takes place and each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules
When glucose is broken down what happens if oxygen is absence
The fermentation path way takes place. In animal cells the pyruvate molecules are converted to lactate and in plant and yeast cells they are converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Where does respiration begain
In the cytoplasm
Finish the sentence
Mute process of fermentation is completed in the ————— where aerobic respiration is completed in the _________
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
How much molecules of atp is yields via the breakdown of each glucose from the fermentation path way
The breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yields only the intial two molecules of ATP
How much does presence of oxygen realising energy yield when it comes to ATP molecules
Realising enough needy to yield a large number of ATP molecules
