Units 9-12 Exam Flashcards
Name one biologically-significant feature of blue-green that distinguishes them from plants
Prokaryotic
A biologist on an expedition in Africa discovers a segmented worm that has never been seen before. When he dissects the worm, he discovers that is has an internal body cavity. In which phylum should this new worm be placed?
Annelida
Which one of the following pairs of traits occurs in both a leach and a tapeworm?
–Multicellular and heterotrophic
–Multicellular and segmented
–Segmented with a coelom
–Multicellular with a coelom
Multicellular and heterotrophic
Autotrophic, no vascular tissue
Moss
Eukaryotic, single-celled
Amoeba
Eukaryotic, absorbs food
Bread mold
Prokaryotic, heterotrophic
Bacteria
Exoskeleton
Spider
Hypha
Fungus
Prokaryotic
Monera
Mantle
Snail
What are the five kingdoms?
Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
Which kingdom is prokaryotic?
Monera
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?
Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
Which kingdom is eukaryotic and single cellular?
Protista
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic and multicellular?
Plantae, fungi, animalia
Which kingdom is eukaryotic, multicellular, and has no cell wall?
Animalia
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic, multicellular, and has a cell wall?
Plantae and fungi
Which kingdoms are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic?
Animalia and fungi
Which kingdom is eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic?
Plantae
Single celled, prokaryotic, either autotrophic (blue-green algae) or heterotrophic by absorption (bacteria). Examples are bacteria (mostly heterotrophic and decomposers) and blue-green algae (autotrophic and some nitrogen-fixers)
Monera
Nostoc is a type of this, has blue and green pigments, so they conduct photosynthesis, pigments aren’t contained in a special membrane-bound structure, doesn’t have chloroplasts, and photosynthesis is a type of autotrophic organisms
Blue-green algae
Ex. Staph infection, strep throat, E. coli, ulcers and GERD
Common bacteria
Classified by shape
Bacterial types
Prefix used to determine bacteria that occurs as pairs of cells joined together
Diplo
Prefix used to describe bacteria that occurs in chains of cells
Strepto
Prefix used to describe bacteria that occurs in clusters of cells
Staphylo
Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic by absorption, have a cell wall, examples include bread mold and mushrooms
Fungi
Thread-like cells, form a mat which is the mycelium, obtain nutrients by absorbing across cell walls of this
Hyphae
Mass of hyphae, forms the body of the fungus
Mycelium
Spore-bearing structure, spores are used to reproduce
Sporangia
Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Heterotrophs
Do fungi have photosynthetic pigments?
No
Specialized hyphae that penetrate host, absorb nutrients from them
Parasitic fungi
Some invade plant roots in a mutualistic relationship, helping the plant uptake nutrients in “exchange” for carbon compounds
Symbiotic fungi
Do fungi have a high or low surface area to volume ratio?
High
Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, have cell walls, examples include mosses, ferns, and seed plants
Kingdom Plantae
Have no vascular tissue and have spores
Bryophyta (moss)
Have vascular tissue and spores
Pterophyta (ferns)
Have vascular tissue and seeds in cones
Coniferophyta (pines and firs)
Have vascular tissue and have seeds in flowers or fruit
Anthophyta (flowers, veggies, fruits, trees, grasses)
Autotrophic plant nutrition
Photosynthesis
Heterotrophic plant nutrition
Carnivorous plants
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs (obtain food by ingestion), examples include sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates
Kingdom animalia
Sponges, sessile (DONT move), filter food out of the water as it passes through their bodies, what puts them in animal kingdom is that they ingest their food (heterotrophic)
Porifera
Coral, anemones, jellyfish, sessile (DONT move), predators that use their stinging cells to capture tiny animals for food, what puts them in the animal kingdom is that they capture and ingest their food (heterotrophic)
Cnidaria
Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes, planaria, this group is flattened, some are parasitic (tapeworms and flukes) and some are not (planaria), planaria ingest their food through tube-like structure that extend from the body
Platyhelminthes
Earthworms, leeches, also worm-like, they are segmented and have a coelom
Annelida
Clams, snails, slugs, octopus, also have a coelom, but they aren’t segmented
Mollusca
A tissue that secretes a shell that most molluscs have, this is also an exoskeleton
Mantle
Insects, spiders, millipedes, lobsters, crayfish, also have a coelom and are segmented
Arthropods
Tough outer layer
Exoskeleton
Appendages that have joints like legs and wings
Jointed appendages
Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers; only occur in the ocean, also have a coelom, only animals to have 5-fold symmetry
Echinodermata
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals; also have a coelom
Chordata
What 3 features do chordata have?
Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, and pharyngeal gill sifts
Which of the following describes a population with a type II survivorship curve?
–Survivorship is greatest in individuals that are intermediate in age
–Most of the mortality occurs among younger individuals
–The probability of death is roughly constant over all ages
–Little death occurs late in life
The probability of death is roughly constant over all ages
The size of a grasshopper population in a prairie is limited by the number of birds in the prairie. After a terrible storm killed many of the birds, the grasshopper population exhibited exponential growth. Which of the following statements about the grasshopper population is TRUE?
–The biotic potential is decreased
–The environmental resistance is decreased
–The carrying capacity did not change
–Limiting factors increased
The environmental resistance is decreased
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
–The symbol “I” on a life table stands for survivorship
–Declining populations have more pre-reproductives than reproductives
–Type III survivorship is age-independent
–Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of individuals in a population
The symbol “I” on a life table stands for survivorship
The following data shows the age of death (in months) for all the individuals in 2 different populations (A and B). Which population (A or B) has a Type I survivorship curve?
A: 1,3,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8
B: 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,5,9
A
Fixed rate of increase, Ex. The population grows by 10% each generation
Exponential growth (biotic potential)
The rate of increase of a population under ideal conditions, exponential growth curve that includes death rates
Biotic potential
Limiting factors inhibit population growth when they are in limited supply (ex. space, soil nutrients, water), population overshoots carrying capacity, levels off, then fluctuates
Logistic growth
J-shaped curve, population increases in size at a constant rate (exponential growth), limiting factors aren’t evident, thus the population hasn’t reached carrying capacity, occurs under best possible conditions
Biotic potential
Can occur only in population where resources are unlimited, no predators exist, and there is no disease; these are idealistic conditions so it cannot continue unchecked in most populations, ex. When a species is introduced to a new habitat, it undergoes this for a brief period of time
Exponential growth
Something that prevents a population from achieving its biotic potential
Limiting factors
The maximum number of individuals of a population that a given area of habitat can support (for an extended period of time)
Carrying capacity
S-shaped curve, growth is slow initially, then rapid until the carrying capacity is approached, and finally slow again as the population reached its carrying capacity; evident, such as limited food, water, or space; occurs in most natural populations
Logistic growth
The average number at which the population fluctuates, can be estimated from population survey data or projected by assessing the habitat of the organism
Estimate K
Survivorship curves
Type I, Type II, and Type III
Survivorship high until old age; parental care.
Elephants, humans, annual plants, animals with parental care
Type I
Survivorship remains constant; not dependent on age
Some birds, rodents, organisms left in a lab culture
Type II
Survivorship low early, then remains high until later in life
Most aquatic organisms, weedy plants, trees
Type III
Examined through a graph that compared sexually immature individuals, individuals that are sexually mature, and individuals that no longer reproduce
Age structure
sexually immature individuals, individuals that are sexually mature, and individuals that no longer reproduce
Pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive
Broad base of pre-reproductives
Increasing/growing population
Bars on graph are approximately equal in width, roughly equal numbers of individuals in each age class
Stable population
Fewer reproductive individuals than post-reproductive, pre-reproductive class in even narrower, broad top and narrow base
Decreasing/declining population
I
Survivorship
b
Fecundity
lb
Age-specific fecundity
The average fecundity of a surviving female in each age class, multiple survivorship by fecundity
lb
R
Net reproductive rate
Add the values in the lb column
R
Probability of surviving, varies with age
Survivorship
Reproductive output of an individual, the average number of offspring produced by each female in the population
Fecundity
How each age class contributed to population growth
Age-specific fecundity
Expected number of offspring of a female during her lifetime
Net reproductive rate
Each female is replacing herself during her lifetime and the population is stable
R values are equal to 1
Indicated that the populations are changing in size
R values greater or less than 1
R value greater than 1
Growing
R value less than 1
Declining
What kind of consumer is a coyote?
Secondary consumer
What kind of consumer is a dandelion?
Producer
What kind of consumer is a rabbit?
Primary consumer
Many fungi secrete organisms that break down dead organic matter so that it can be absorbed by their cells. To which trophic level do these fungi belong?
–Decomposers
–Scavengers
–Producers
Decomposers
Alligators inhabit swamps, rivers, lakes, and marshes
–Habitat
–Niche
Habitat
Alligators attack and kill small mammals that wander near the shoreline
–Habitat
–Niche
Niche
Alligators lay eggs in nests of leaves and mud, which they protect for up to one year
–Habitat
–Niche
Niche
Which one of the following statements concerning ecological interactions is TRUE?
–Organisms in higher trophic levels have less biomass than those at lower levels
–An organism may not belong to more than one trophic level in a community
–Keystone species are the most abundant species in their communities
–All of the organisms that interact with one another share the same niche
Organisms in higher trophic levels have less biomass than those at lower levels
Which one of the following statements is a description of a decomposer?
–A vulture eating a carcass on the side of the road
–A moss growing on a fallen log
–A tree absorbing nutrients from the soil
–A stream eroding its bank during a flood
A vulture eating a carcass on the side of the road
The organization of a community based on the feeding relationship of the component populations
Trophic structure
Position in the food chain
Trophic level
Autotrophs, primarily photosynthetic organisms
Producer
Organisms that feed on producers, herbivores
Primary consumer
Organisms that eat primary consumers, carnivores
Secondary consumers
Organisms that eat secondary consumers, top predators
Tertiary consumers
Organisms that obtain their energy and nutrient from dead organic matter
Vultures, hyenas, bacteria, fungi
Decomposer
A graphic representation of the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem; an organism can be more than one trophic level
Food web
A graphic representation of the trophic structure of an ecosystem in which numbers or biomass are represented in a pyramid, producer level forms the base, then goes up in level from there, as you move up trophic levels the number of organisms decrease and that available biomass decreases
Ecological pyramids
Plant biomass is not convertible to animal biomass because why?
It’s indigestible
What is lost as heat through metabolic activity?
Missing energy
What is included in feces and in inedible biomass that cannot be digested by consumers?
Missing energy
How is biomass calculated?
On a unit basis
Biomass calculation equation?
g/m2
Why the pyramid shape?
There is less energy for organisms in higher trophic categories
How do endotherms maintain their body temperatures?
Through metabolism
All animals must use what to stay alive, eat, and reproduce?
Energy
Some biomass is indigestible and must be what with the environment?
Reunited
Organisms that do NOT share resources do or do not have to partition them to survive?
Do not
Different habitat equals?
Different niche
When one species is better at obtaining or holding space than another, or to displace the second species, the “winner” is then this
Competitive dominance
Competitive relationships are represented in this diagram (ex. space), shows which is the strongest and which is the weakest competitor for a resource; the higher the number of arrows pointing TOWARDS a species, the better it “rank” as a strong competitor
Competitive dominance hierarchy
The ecological role of a species in an environment; includes ALL resources an organism needs and provides
Niche
The physical space occupied by an organism
Habitat
Non-living components of an environment (Weather, pH, light, temperature, nutrients)
Abiotic
Organisms in the environment, living things (other organisms that act as food, competition)
Biotic
A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecological community compared to its relatively low abundance; decline or removal of this will drastically alter the structure of the local community
Keystone species
Keystone species that are top predators in the community; keep lower-level consumers in check; if top predators are removed, populations of the lower-levels will grow
Keystone predator
Which one of the following statements about genetic drift is FALSE?
–Causes a reduction in genetic diversity within a population
–Can be caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
–Makes the allele frequencies more similar between populations
–It is a sampling error of the genetic composition of a population
Makes the allele frequencies more similar between populations
Sydney is studying a population of crickets that can hear ultrasonic frequencies. This helps them avoid being eaten by bats that use ultrasound to detect prey. Which one of the following statements is most likely true?
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and it has no impact on their survival
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound because it allowed them to communicate with each other
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound because it helped them avoid being eaten
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and this ability became established in the population because it helped them avoid being eaten
Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and this ability became established in the population because it helped them avoid being eaten
A population of frogs has a gene frequency of 0.5 for the dominant allele. One day a landowner filled in half of the swamp where the frogs lived. It just so happened that a greater proportion of the recessive frogs were on the side that was filled and they died. What is the name of this process that is occurring in this population?
–Natural selection
–Gene flow
–Population bottleneck
Population bottleneck
Imagine 2 small ponds, each containing a population of catfish. These ponds are isolated for most of the year, but the whole area often floods in the spring so that the separate ponds become one, large pond. This provides an opportunity for the 2 populations to interact and breed until the water recedes again. What is the appropriate term to describe the interaction between these catfish populations?
–Population bottleneck
–Gene flow
–Natural selection
Gene flow
Mountain gorillas live in the Virunga mountains of central Africa where the population once numbered in the thousands. Overhunting, habitat loss, and starvation in the 1980s and 90s reduced the number to a few hundred. Thanks to strong conservation efforts, the population is growing and is almost 1000. What type of genetic drift did the gorillas experience in the 1980s and 1990s?
–Population bottleneck
–Natural selection
–Gene flow
Population bottleneck
A natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment
Natural selection
Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are what?
All different in some ways
traits that give individuals some advantage
Adaptive traits
Which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce?
Individuals with adaptive traits
Traits are better suited for the environment than others
Variation
Part of the phenotype that is genetically based and is capable of being inherited
Heritability
Organisms who happen to be best suited to an environment survive and reproduce most successfully
Non-random survival and reproduction
Conditions necessary for natural selection
Variation, heritability, and non-random survival and reproduction
Is natural selection random?
No
What do mutations cause?
Variation
When your population lacks variation, your trait is not heritable, or your survivability is random, will you see natural selection take place?
No
Descent with modification equals?
Evolution
Exchange of genes by migration between two populations
Gene flow
When populations are separated, what is most likely to occur?
Speciation
Evolutionary process by which populations become a new distinct species
Speciation
Equivalence is not always achieved, but differences are maximized or minimized?
Minimized
Random changes in gene frequency due to sampling error–your surviving population is not representative of the original population
Genetic drift
The tendency towards 50:50
Central limit theorem
A type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced to some catastrophic event
Population bottleneck
A type of genetic drift that occurs when only a small number of individuals from a population to establish a new population
Found effect
How is the founder effect different from the effects observed in gene flow?
Gene flow is between 2 existing populations, founder effect is only 1 population
Occur randomly
Mutations
During the replication of your DNA, a “mistake” occurs in the placement of the code
Mutations
The source of all genetic variation we see in the world today
Mutations
