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Lab 1020 > Units 9-12 Exam > Flashcards

Units 9-12 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name one biologically-significant feature of blue-green that distinguishes them from plants

A

Prokaryotic

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2
Q

A biologist on an expedition in Africa discovers a segmented worm that has never been seen before. When he dissects the worm, he discovers that is has an internal body cavity. In which phylum should this new worm be placed?

A

Annelida

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3
Q

Which one of the following pairs of traits occurs in both a leach and a tapeworm?
–Multicellular and heterotrophic
–Multicellular and segmented
–Segmented with a coelom
–Multicellular with a coelom

A

Multicellular and heterotrophic

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4
Q

Autotrophic, no vascular tissue

A

Moss

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5
Q

Eukaryotic, single-celled

A

Amoeba

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6
Q

Eukaryotic, absorbs food

A

Bread mold

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7
Q

Prokaryotic, heterotrophic

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Spider

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9
Q

Hypha

A

Fungus

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10
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Monera

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11
Q

Mantle

A

Snail

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12
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

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13
Q

Which kingdom is prokaryotic?

A

Monera

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14
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

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15
Q

Which kingdom is eukaryotic and single cellular?

A

Protista

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16
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic and multicellular?

A

Plantae, fungi, animalia

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17
Q

Which kingdom is eukaryotic, multicellular, and has no cell wall?

A

Animalia

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18
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic, multicellular, and has a cell wall?

A

Plantae and fungi

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19
Q

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic?

A

Animalia and fungi

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20
Q

Which kingdom is eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic?

A

Plantae

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21
Q

Single celled, prokaryotic, either autotrophic (blue-green algae) or heterotrophic by absorption (bacteria). Examples are bacteria (mostly heterotrophic and decomposers) and blue-green algae (autotrophic and some nitrogen-fixers)

A

Monera

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22
Q

Nostoc is a type of this, has blue and green pigments, so they conduct photosynthesis, pigments aren’t contained in a special membrane-bound structure, doesn’t have chloroplasts, and photosynthesis is a type of autotrophic organisms

A

Blue-green algae

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23
Q

Ex. Staph infection, strep throat, E. coli, ulcers and GERD

A

Common bacteria

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24
Q

Classified by shape

A

Bacterial types

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25
Q

Prefix used to determine bacteria that occurs as pairs of cells joined together

A

Diplo

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26
Q

Prefix used to describe bacteria that occurs in chains of cells

A

Strepto

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27
Q

Prefix used to describe bacteria that occurs in clusters of cells

A

Staphylo

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28
Q

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic by absorption, have a cell wall, examples include bread mold and mushrooms

A

Fungi

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29
Q

Thread-like cells, form a mat which is the mycelium, obtain nutrients by absorbing across cell walls of this

A

Hyphae

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30
Q

Mass of hyphae, forms the body of the fungus

A

Mycelium

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31
Q

Spore-bearing structure, spores are used to reproduce

A

Sporangia

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32
Q

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs

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33
Q

Do fungi have photosynthetic pigments?

A

No

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34
Q

Specialized hyphae that penetrate host, absorb nutrients from them

A

Parasitic fungi

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35
Q

Some invade plant roots in a mutualistic relationship, helping the plant uptake nutrients in “exchange” for carbon compounds

A

Symbiotic fungi

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36
Q

Do fungi have a high or low surface area to volume ratio?

A

High

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37
Q

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, have cell walls, examples include mosses, ferns, and seed plants

A

Kingdom Plantae

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38
Q

Have no vascular tissue and have spores

A

Bryophyta (moss)

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39
Q

Have vascular tissue and spores

A

Pterophyta (ferns)

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40
Q

Have vascular tissue and seeds in cones

A

Coniferophyta (pines and firs)

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41
Q

Have vascular tissue and have seeds in flowers or fruit

A

Anthophyta (flowers, veggies, fruits, trees, grasses)

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42
Q

Autotrophic plant nutrition

A

Photosynthesis

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43
Q

Heterotrophic plant nutrition

A

Carnivorous plants

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44
Q

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs (obtain food by ingestion), examples include sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates

A

Kingdom animalia

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45
Q

Sponges, sessile (DONT move), filter food out of the water as it passes through their bodies, what puts them in animal kingdom is that they ingest their food (heterotrophic)

A

Porifera

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46
Q

Coral, anemones, jellyfish, sessile (DONT move), predators that use their stinging cells to capture tiny animals for food, what puts them in the animal kingdom is that they capture and ingest their food (heterotrophic)

A

Cnidaria

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47
Q

Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes, planaria, this group is flattened, some are parasitic (tapeworms and flukes) and some are not (planaria), planaria ingest their food through tube-like structure that extend from the body

A

Platyhelminthes

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48
Q

Earthworms, leeches, also worm-like, they are segmented and have a coelom

A

Annelida

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49
Q

Clams, snails, slugs, octopus, also have a coelom, but they aren’t segmented

A

Mollusca

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50
Q

A tissue that secretes a shell that most molluscs have, this is also an exoskeleton

A

Mantle

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51
Q

Insects, spiders, millipedes, lobsters, crayfish, also have a coelom and are segmented

A

Arthropods

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52
Q

Tough outer layer

A

Exoskeleton

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53
Q

Appendages that have joints like legs and wings

A

Jointed appendages

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54
Q

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers; only occur in the ocean, also have a coelom, only animals to have 5-fold symmetry

A

Echinodermata

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55
Q

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals; also have a coelom

A

Chordata

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56
Q

What 3 features do chordata have?

A

Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, and pharyngeal gill sifts

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57
Q

Which of the following describes a population with a type II survivorship curve?
–Survivorship is greatest in individuals that are intermediate in age
–Most of the mortality occurs among younger individuals
–The probability of death is roughly constant over all ages
–Little death occurs late in life

A

The probability of death is roughly constant over all ages

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58
Q

The size of a grasshopper population in a prairie is limited by the number of birds in the prairie. After a terrible storm killed many of the birds, the grasshopper population exhibited exponential growth. Which of the following statements about the grasshopper population is TRUE?
–The biotic potential is decreased
–The environmental resistance is decreased
–The carrying capacity did not change
–Limiting factors increased

A

The environmental resistance is decreased

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59
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?
–The symbol “I” on a life table stands for survivorship
–Declining populations have more pre-reproductives than reproductives
–Type III survivorship is age-independent
–Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of individuals in a population

A

The symbol “I” on a life table stands for survivorship

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60
Q

The following data shows the age of death (in months) for all the individuals in 2 different populations (A and B). Which population (A or B) has a Type I survivorship curve?
A: 1,3,5,6,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,7,8
B: 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,5,9

A

A

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61
Q

Fixed rate of increase, Ex. The population grows by 10% each generation

A

Exponential growth (biotic potential)

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62
Q

The rate of increase of a population under ideal conditions, exponential growth curve that includes death rates

A

Biotic potential

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63
Q

Limiting factors inhibit population growth when they are in limited supply (ex. space, soil nutrients, water), population overshoots carrying capacity, levels off, then fluctuates

A

Logistic growth

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64
Q

J-shaped curve, population increases in size at a constant rate (exponential growth), limiting factors aren’t evident, thus the population hasn’t reached carrying capacity, occurs under best possible conditions

A

Biotic potential

65
Q

Can occur only in population where resources are unlimited, no predators exist, and there is no disease; these are idealistic conditions so it cannot continue unchecked in most populations, ex. When a species is introduced to a new habitat, it undergoes this for a brief period of time

A

Exponential growth

66
Q

Something that prevents a population from achieving its biotic potential

A

Limiting factors

67
Q

The maximum number of individuals of a population that a given area of habitat can support (for an extended period of time)

A

Carrying capacity

68
Q

S-shaped curve, growth is slow initially, then rapid until the carrying capacity is approached, and finally slow again as the population reached its carrying capacity; evident, such as limited food, water, or space; occurs in most natural populations

A

Logistic growth

69
Q

The average number at which the population fluctuates, can be estimated from population survey data or projected by assessing the habitat of the organism

A

Estimate K

70
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Type I, Type II, and Type III

71
Q

Survivorship high until old age; parental care.
Elephants, humans, annual plants, animals with parental care

A

Type I

72
Q

Survivorship remains constant; not dependent on age
Some birds, rodents, organisms left in a lab culture

A

Type II

73
Q

Survivorship low early, then remains high until later in life
Most aquatic organisms, weedy plants, trees

A

Type III

74
Q

Examined through a graph that compared sexually immature individuals, individuals that are sexually mature, and individuals that no longer reproduce

A

Age structure

75
Q

sexually immature individuals, individuals that are sexually mature, and individuals that no longer reproduce

A

Pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive

76
Q

Broad base of pre-reproductives

A

Increasing/growing population

77
Q

Bars on graph are approximately equal in width, roughly equal numbers of individuals in each age class

A

Stable population

78
Q

Fewer reproductive individuals than post-reproductive, pre-reproductive class in even narrower, broad top and narrow base

A

Decreasing/declining population

79
Q

I

A

Survivorship

80
Q

b

A

Fecundity

81
Q

lb

A

Age-specific fecundity

82
Q

The average fecundity of a surviving female in each age class, multiple survivorship by fecundity

A

lb

83
Q

R

A

Net reproductive rate

84
Q

Add the values in the lb column

A

R

85
Q

Probability of surviving, varies with age

A

Survivorship

86
Q

Reproductive output of an individual, the average number of offspring produced by each female in the population

A

Fecundity

87
Q

How each age class contributed to population growth

A

Age-specific fecundity

88
Q

Expected number of offspring of a female during her lifetime

A

Net reproductive rate

89
Q

Each female is replacing herself during her lifetime and the population is stable

A

R values are equal to 1

90
Q

Indicated that the populations are changing in size

A

R values greater or less than 1

91
Q

R value greater than 1

A

Growing

92
Q

R value less than 1

A

Declining

93
Q

What kind of consumer is a coyote?

A

Secondary consumer

94
Q

What kind of consumer is a dandelion?

A

Producer

95
Q

What kind of consumer is a rabbit?

A

Primary consumer

96
Q

Many fungi secrete organisms that break down dead organic matter so that it can be absorbed by their cells. To which trophic level do these fungi belong?
–Decomposers
–Scavengers
–Producers

A

Decomposers

97
Q

Alligators inhabit swamps, rivers, lakes, and marshes
–Habitat
–Niche

A

Habitat

98
Q

Alligators attack and kill small mammals that wander near the shoreline
–Habitat
–Niche

A

Niche

99
Q

Alligators lay eggs in nests of leaves and mud, which they protect for up to one year
–Habitat
–Niche

A

Niche

100
Q

Which one of the following statements concerning ecological interactions is TRUE?
–Organisms in higher trophic levels have less biomass than those at lower levels
–An organism may not belong to more than one trophic level in a community
–Keystone species are the most abundant species in their communities
–All of the organisms that interact with one another share the same niche

A

Organisms in higher trophic levels have less biomass than those at lower levels

101
Q

Which one of the following statements is a description of a decomposer?
–A vulture eating a carcass on the side of the road
–A moss growing on a fallen log
–A tree absorbing nutrients from the soil
–A stream eroding its bank during a flood

A

A vulture eating a carcass on the side of the road

102
Q

The organization of a community based on the feeding relationship of the component populations

A

Trophic structure

103
Q

Position in the food chain

A

Trophic level

104
Q

Autotrophs, primarily photosynthetic organisms

A

Producer

105
Q

Organisms that feed on producers, herbivores

A

Primary consumer

106
Q

Organisms that eat primary consumers, carnivores

A

Secondary consumers

107
Q

Organisms that eat secondary consumers, top predators

A

Tertiary consumers

108
Q

Organisms that obtain their energy and nutrient from dead organic matter
Vultures, hyenas, bacteria, fungi

A

Decomposer

109
Q

A graphic representation of the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem; an organism can be more than one trophic level

A

Food web

110
Q

A graphic representation of the trophic structure of an ecosystem in which numbers or biomass are represented in a pyramid, producer level forms the base, then goes up in level from there, as you move up trophic levels the number of organisms decrease and that available biomass decreases

A

Ecological pyramids

111
Q

Plant biomass is not convertible to animal biomass because why?

A

It’s indigestible

112
Q

What is lost as heat through metabolic activity?

A

Missing energy

113
Q

What is included in feces and in inedible biomass that cannot be digested by consumers?

A

Missing energy

114
Q

How is biomass calculated?

A

On a unit basis

115
Q

Biomass calculation equation?

A

g/m2

116
Q

Why the pyramid shape?

A

There is less energy for organisms in higher trophic categories

117
Q

How do endotherms maintain their body temperatures?

A

Through metabolism

118
Q

All animals must use what to stay alive, eat, and reproduce?

A

Energy

119
Q

Some biomass is indigestible and must be what with the environment?

A

Reunited

120
Q

Organisms that do NOT share resources do or do not have to partition them to survive?

A

Do not

121
Q

Different habitat equals?

A

Different niche

122
Q

When one species is better at obtaining or holding space than another, or to displace the second species, the “winner” is then this

A

Competitive dominance

123
Q

Competitive relationships are represented in this diagram (ex. space), shows which is the strongest and which is the weakest competitor for a resource; the higher the number of arrows pointing TOWARDS a species, the better it “rank” as a strong competitor

A

Competitive dominance hierarchy

124
Q

The ecological role of a species in an environment; includes ALL resources an organism needs and provides

A

Niche

125
Q

The physical space occupied by an organism

A

Habitat

126
Q

Non-living components of an environment (Weather, pH, light, temperature, nutrients)

A

Abiotic

127
Q

Organisms in the environment, living things (other organisms that act as food, competition)

A

Biotic

128
Q

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecological community compared to its relatively low abundance; decline or removal of this will drastically alter the structure of the local community

A

Keystone species

129
Q

Keystone species that are top predators in the community; keep lower-level consumers in check; if top predators are removed, populations of the lower-levels will grow

A

Keystone predator

130
Q

Which one of the following statements about genetic drift is FALSE?
–Causes a reduction in genetic diversity within a population
–Can be caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption
–Makes the allele frequencies more similar between populations
–It is a sampling error of the genetic composition of a population

A

Makes the allele frequencies more similar between populations

131
Q

Sydney is studying a population of crickets that can hear ultrasonic frequencies. This helps them avoid being eaten by bats that use ultrasound to detect prey. Which one of the following statements is most likely true?
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and it has no impact on their survival
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound because it allowed them to communicate with each other
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound because it helped them avoid being eaten
–Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and this ability became established in the population because it helped them avoid being eaten

A

Crickets evolved the ability to hear ultrasound at random and this ability became established in the population because it helped them avoid being eaten

132
Q

A population of frogs has a gene frequency of 0.5 for the dominant allele. One day a landowner filled in half of the swamp where the frogs lived. It just so happened that a greater proportion of the recessive frogs were on the side that was filled and they died. What is the name of this process that is occurring in this population?
–Natural selection
–Gene flow
–Population bottleneck

A

Population bottleneck

133
Q

Imagine 2 small ponds, each containing a population of catfish. These ponds are isolated for most of the year, but the whole area often floods in the spring so that the separate ponds become one, large pond. This provides an opportunity for the 2 populations to interact and breed until the water recedes again. What is the appropriate term to describe the interaction between these catfish populations?
–Population bottleneck
–Gene flow
–Natural selection

A

Gene flow

134
Q

Mountain gorillas live in the Virunga mountains of central Africa where the population once numbered in the thousands. Overhunting, habitat loss, and starvation in the 1980s and 90s reduced the number to a few hundred. Thanks to strong conservation efforts, the population is growing and is almost 1000. What type of genetic drift did the gorillas experience in the 1980s and 1990s?
–Population bottleneck
–Natural selection
–Gene flow

A

Population bottleneck

135
Q

A natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment

A

Natural selection

136
Q

Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are what?

A

All different in some ways

137
Q

traits that give individuals some advantage

A

Adaptive traits

138
Q

Which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce?

A

Individuals with adaptive traits

139
Q

Traits are better suited for the environment than others

A

Variation

140
Q

Part of the phenotype that is genetically based and is capable of being inherited

A

Heritability

141
Q

Organisms who happen to be best suited to an environment survive and reproduce most successfully

A

Non-random survival and reproduction

142
Q

Conditions necessary for natural selection

A

Variation, heritability, and non-random survival and reproduction

143
Q

Is natural selection random?

A

No

144
Q

What do mutations cause?

A

Variation

145
Q

When your population lacks variation, your trait is not heritable, or your survivability is random, will you see natural selection take place?

A

No

146
Q

Descent with modification equals?

A

Evolution

147
Q

Exchange of genes by migration between two populations

A

Gene flow

148
Q

When populations are separated, what is most likely to occur?

A

Speciation

149
Q

Evolutionary process by which populations become a new distinct species

A

Speciation

150
Q

Equivalence is not always achieved, but differences are maximized or minimized?

A

Minimized

151
Q

Random changes in gene frequency due to sampling error–your surviving population is not representative of the original population

A

Genetic drift

152
Q

The tendency towards 50:50

A

Central limit theorem

153
Q

A type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced to some catastrophic event

A

Population bottleneck

154
Q

A type of genetic drift that occurs when only a small number of individuals from a population to establish a new population

A

Found effect

155
Q

How is the founder effect different from the effects observed in gene flow?

A

Gene flow is between 2 existing populations, founder effect is only 1 population

156
Q

Occur randomly

A

Mutations

157
Q

During the replication of your DNA, a “mistake” occurs in the placement of the code

A

Mutations

158
Q

The source of all genetic variation we see in the world today

A

Mutations

Lab 1020 (3 decks)

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