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Lab 1020 > Unit 1-4 exam > Flashcards

Unit 1-4 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Acquiring information from a primary source; watching, listening, collecting
Ex. There are no front teeth in the upper jaw of skull A

A

Observations

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2
Q

Conclusion derived from observation; this is why we collect evidence
Ex. Skull B is a meat eater and not a plant eater…because of our observation of sharp teeth

A

Inferences

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3
Q

Unsupported conclusion or claim; could be correct, but what evidence supports it?
Ex. Skull C is from an animal that lived in MO…what observation allows this statement?

A

Assumption

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4
Q

Statement of why something happens; causal explanations; can be if, then statements, but you need the CAUSE; when resources are clumped together, males will mate with multiple females since they can defend more than one female at a time

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

Statement of what will happen if the hypothesis is correct
Ex. If I seal the jars, flies will not be able to lay their eggs, and no maggots will be present; resources that are widely dispersed result in few female mates for males

A

Prediction

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6
Q

Alterations/variations of the independent variable, manipulation

A

Treatment group(s)

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7
Q

Removes the independent variable, does not have it, or is a placebo

A

Control group

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8
Q

The variable in a relationship that is believed to be the cause of the changes in other variables, manipulation, control, treatment

A

Independent variable

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9
Q

The variable in a relationship that varies due to changes in the independent variable, response

A

Dependent variable

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10
Q

The average value in a sample; sum/number; in the lab we used the clams, sum of all length measurements (x) divided by the number of clams measured (N)

A

Mean

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11
Q

The middle value in a set of numbers, arranged from low to high

A

Median

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12
Q

Inaccuracy due to inadequate sample size; how you are choosing to sample; sample population does not represent the full population
Ex. Collecting frogs from 3 trees while in an area of 60 acres

A

Sampling error

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13
Q

Inaccuracy due to procedural faults; improper procedure; incorrect units or devices used
Ex. Used the incorrect measurements from a meter stick

A

Experimental error

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14
Q

Show the functional relationship between two or more variables; how does manipulating the independent variable (x-axis, horizontal) affect the dependent variable (y-axis, vertical); you can have more than one line; relationship
Ex. Relationship between the body length and generation time in 6 species

A

Line graphs

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15
Q

Best fit/trend line: shows the relationship between the IV and the DV; avoid zigzagging; avoid extrapolation; labels, with units; title

A

How to graph well

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16
Q

Estimating a value within the range of measured data; conclusions you can draw based on the data; inside the range of data on a line graph

A

Interpolation

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17
Q

Estimating a value outside the range of measured data; conclusions that fall outside the range of data; you are assuming the observed data continues without actually knowing that

A

Extrapolation

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18
Q

A graph of the frequency distribution of a set of data; the independent variable (x-axis) is continuous (numerical); range is broken up into equal intervals; dependent variable (y-axis) will always be a number/percent of individuals
Ex. Number of flycatchers with a forehead patch of the size indicated

A

Histograms

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19
Q

How many do we count within each interval

A

Frequency distributions

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20
Q

A group of data in which the independent variable is categorical, rather than continuous; categorical data; x-axis is made up of distinct categories for comparison; y-axis is the number of samples within each category
Ex. Development time (egg hatch to adult) for a ladybug beetle reared on various diets

A

Bar graphs

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21
Q

A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles; has a cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes; single-celled organisms such as bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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22
Q

Includes membrane bound organelles; nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, Golgi body, vacuole, smooth and rough ER

A

Eukaryotic

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23
Q

What is smaller, a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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24
Q

Membrane-bound structures and other bodies in the cytoplasm

A

Organelle

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25
Q

Nucleus and nucleolus, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, cell membrane, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts (unique to plants), cell wall (unique to plants, fungi, and bacteria)

A

Parts of eukaryotic cells

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26
Q

Outside of membrane in plant cell; adds rigid structure

A

Cell wall

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27
Q

Storage bins of the cell; store water and waste; different sizes for plants and animals

A

Vacuole

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28
Q

One cell does all the work; like a startup company

A

Single cell

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29
Q

Division of labor; like a large factory with an assembly line

A

Multi-cellular

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30
Q

Packages and transports cell secretions; fuses with cell membrane to send secretions outside of the cell; “international shipping”

A

Golgi body

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31
Q

Protein synthesis (building); blueprint transcribed from DNA; construction workers of the cell

A

Ribosomes

32
Q

Protein synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; “domestic shipping”

A

Rough ER

33
Q

Lipid synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; “domestic shipping”

A

Smooth ER

34
Q

Brain/headquarters of the cell; houses DNA and nucleolus

A

Nucleus

35
Q

Builds ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

36
Q

Composed of 2 molecules: proteins and phospholipids; phospholipids are built by smooth ER; proteins are built by rough ER because of ribosomes; heat and alcohol disrupt the integrity

A

Cell membrane

37
Q

Where photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplast

38
Q

Stacks of membranes

A

Grana

39
Q

Liquid contents in chloroplasts

A

Stroma

40
Q

Where metabolism occurs; nutrients in–>break them down–>make energy; “powerhouse”

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Finger-like projections

A

Cristae

42
Q

The difference in solute concentration between 2 solutions

A

Concentration gradient

43
Q

Movement of a solute across a surface

A

Diffusion

44
Q

Movement of water across a surface

A

Osmosis

45
Q

More molecules in motion with solutions with higher concentrations; makes it more likely to randomly move

A

Higher concentrations

46
Q

Distance traveled/minute

A

Rate

47
Q

Rate of diffusion is not greater, small cells have less distance to be covered

A

Efficiency

48
Q

The organelles you cells need to perform life-critical functions must be kept INSIDE the cell; these organelles and other things that move across the membrane into and out of the cells are all MOLECULES; the structure or size of a molecule can limit the ability to move across; the structure results in channels, or “doorways” through which some molecules can pass and others cannot

A

Cell membrane

49
Q

Some materials can pass through while others cannot

A

Semi-permeability

50
Q

What does the dissolving

A

Solvent

51
Q

What is dissolved, everything but water

A

Solute

52
Q

The ability of water to move because of its free energy

A

Water potential

53
Q

Potential for a substance to react or move

A

Free energy

54
Q

Easier for water to move and cross barriers

A

High water potential

55
Q

Harder for water to move and cross barriers

A

Low water potential

56
Q

Describes a relationship between two solutions

A

Tonicity

57
Q

More solute particles when compared to another solution

A

Hypertonic

58
Q

The same number of solute particles when compared to another solution

A

Isotonic

59
Q

Fewer solute particles when compared to another solution

A

Hypotonic

60
Q

Pressure in the vacuole that pushes against the cell wall in plants; cell wall protects the plant cell from bursting due to the influx of water

A

Turgor pressure

61
Q

Constructed in the rough ER; packaged by the golgi body; delivered where they need to go

A

Proteins

62
Q

Help reactions happen faster; critical for biological processes like digestion, waster filtration, and metabolism

A

Catalysts

63
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins

64
Q

Energy needed to begin a reaction; enzymes decrease this; helpful when energy is not available in the environment, like heat

A

Activation energy

65
Q

The molecules act are acted upon by an enzyme, the reactant; converted to products whether an enzyme is present or not, however, without enzymes, chemical reactions will slow down A LOT

A

Substrate

66
Q

Specific region on the enzyme where the enzyme and substrate fit together

A

Active site

67
Q

Non-protein molecule; a mineral ion or organic material; required by an enzyme in order to achieve its catalytic reaction; it is not consumed during the reaction

A

Cofactor

68
Q

Cofactor for catalase

A

Iron

69
Q

Alters the shape of the enzyme

A

Poisons

70
Q

When every enzyme molecule is “occupied”

A

Point of saturation

71
Q

Disruption of the shape of an enzyme molecule; like a warped or broken block; key no longer fits, so the reaction will no happen

A

Denaturation

72
Q

A chain of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

Primary structure

73
Q

The folding or twisting of a polypeptide chain into a helix

A

Secondary structure

74
Q

Bending and folding of a polypeptide after its secondary structure

A

Tertiary structure

75
Q

Structure of a protein that is composed of 2 or more chains of polypeptides

A

Quaternary structure

Lab 1020 (3 decks)

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