Unit 1-4 exam Flashcards
Acquiring information from a primary source; watching, listening, collecting
Ex. There are no front teeth in the upper jaw of skull A
Observations
Conclusion derived from observation; this is why we collect evidence
Ex. Skull B is a meat eater and not a plant eater…because of our observation of sharp teeth
Inferences
Unsupported conclusion or claim; could be correct, but what evidence supports it?
Ex. Skull C is from an animal that lived in MO…what observation allows this statement?
Assumption
Statement of why something happens; causal explanations; can be if, then statements, but you need the CAUSE; when resources are clumped together, males will mate with multiple females since they can defend more than one female at a time
Hypothesis
Statement of what will happen if the hypothesis is correct
Ex. If I seal the jars, flies will not be able to lay their eggs, and no maggots will be present; resources that are widely dispersed result in few female mates for males
Prediction
Alterations/variations of the independent variable, manipulation
Treatment group(s)
Removes the independent variable, does not have it, or is a placebo
Control group
The variable in a relationship that is believed to be the cause of the changes in other variables, manipulation, control, treatment
Independent variable
The variable in a relationship that varies due to changes in the independent variable, response
Dependent variable
The average value in a sample; sum/number; in the lab we used the clams, sum of all length measurements (x) divided by the number of clams measured (N)
Mean
The middle value in a set of numbers, arranged from low to high
Median
Inaccuracy due to inadequate sample size; how you are choosing to sample; sample population does not represent the full population
Ex. Collecting frogs from 3 trees while in an area of 60 acres
Sampling error
Inaccuracy due to procedural faults; improper procedure; incorrect units or devices used
Ex. Used the incorrect measurements from a meter stick
Experimental error
Show the functional relationship between two or more variables; how does manipulating the independent variable (x-axis, horizontal) affect the dependent variable (y-axis, vertical); you can have more than one line; relationship
Ex. Relationship between the body length and generation time in 6 species
Line graphs
Best fit/trend line: shows the relationship between the IV and the DV; avoid zigzagging; avoid extrapolation; labels, with units; title
How to graph well
Estimating a value within the range of measured data; conclusions you can draw based on the data; inside the range of data on a line graph
Interpolation
Estimating a value outside the range of measured data; conclusions that fall outside the range of data; you are assuming the observed data continues without actually knowing that
Extrapolation
A graph of the frequency distribution of a set of data; the independent variable (x-axis) is continuous (numerical); range is broken up into equal intervals; dependent variable (y-axis) will always be a number/percent of individuals
Ex. Number of flycatchers with a forehead patch of the size indicated
Histograms
How many do we count within each interval
Frequency distributions
A group of data in which the independent variable is categorical, rather than continuous; categorical data; x-axis is made up of distinct categories for comparison; y-axis is the number of samples within each category
Ex. Development time (egg hatch to adult) for a ladybug beetle reared on various diets
Bar graphs
A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles; has a cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes; single-celled organisms such as bacteria
Prokaryotic
Includes membrane bound organelles; nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, Golgi body, vacuole, smooth and rough ER
Eukaryotic
What is smaller, a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic cells
Membrane-bound structures and other bodies in the cytoplasm
Organelle
Nucleus and nucleolus, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, cell membrane, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts (unique to plants), cell wall (unique to plants, fungi, and bacteria)
Parts of eukaryotic cells
Outside of membrane in plant cell; adds rigid structure
Cell wall
Storage bins of the cell; store water and waste; different sizes for plants and animals
Vacuole
One cell does all the work; like a startup company
Single cell
Division of labor; like a large factory with an assembly line
Multi-cellular
Packages and transports cell secretions; fuses with cell membrane to send secretions outside of the cell; “international shipping”
Golgi body
Protein synthesis (building); blueprint transcribed from DNA; construction workers of the cell
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; “domestic shipping”
Rough ER
Lipid synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; “domestic shipping”
Smooth ER
Brain/headquarters of the cell; houses DNA and nucleolus
Nucleus
Builds ribosomes
Nucleolus
Composed of 2 molecules: proteins and phospholipids; phospholipids are built by smooth ER; proteins are built by rough ER because of ribosomes; heat and alcohol disrupt the integrity
Cell membrane
Where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast
Stacks of membranes
Grana
Liquid contents in chloroplasts
Stroma
Where metabolism occurs; nutrients in–>break them down–>make energy; “powerhouse”
Mitochondria
Finger-like projections
Cristae
The difference in solute concentration between 2 solutions
Concentration gradient
Movement of a solute across a surface
Diffusion
Movement of water across a surface
Osmosis
More molecules in motion with solutions with higher concentrations; makes it more likely to randomly move
Higher concentrations
Distance traveled/minute
Rate
Rate of diffusion is not greater, small cells have less distance to be covered
Efficiency
The organelles you cells need to perform life-critical functions must be kept INSIDE the cell; these organelles and other things that move across the membrane into and out of the cells are all MOLECULES; the structure or size of a molecule can limit the ability to move across; the structure results in channels, or “doorways” through which some molecules can pass and others cannot
Cell membrane
Some materials can pass through while others cannot
Semi-permeability
What does the dissolving
Solvent
What is dissolved, everything but water
Solute
The ability of water to move because of its free energy
Water potential
Potential for a substance to react or move
Free energy
Easier for water to move and cross barriers
High water potential
Harder for water to move and cross barriers
Low water potential
Describes a relationship between two solutions
Tonicity
More solute particles when compared to another solution
Hypertonic
The same number of solute particles when compared to another solution
Isotonic
Fewer solute particles when compared to another solution
Hypotonic
Pressure in the vacuole that pushes against the cell wall in plants; cell wall protects the plant cell from bursting due to the influx of water
Turgor pressure
Constructed in the rough ER; packaged by the golgi body; delivered where they need to go
Proteins
Help reactions happen faster; critical for biological processes like digestion, waster filtration, and metabolism
Catalysts
What are enzymes
Proteins
Energy needed to begin a reaction; enzymes decrease this; helpful when energy is not available in the environment, like heat
Activation energy
The molecules act are acted upon by an enzyme, the reactant; converted to products whether an enzyme is present or not, however, without enzymes, chemical reactions will slow down A LOT
Substrate
Specific region on the enzyme where the enzyme and substrate fit together
Active site
Non-protein molecule; a mineral ion or organic material; required by an enzyme in order to achieve its catalytic reaction; it is not consumed during the reaction
Cofactor
Cofactor for catalase
Iron
Alters the shape of the enzyme
Poisons
When every enzyme molecule is “occupied”
Point of saturation
Disruption of the shape of an enzyme molecule; like a warped or broken block; key no longer fits, so the reaction will no happen
Denaturation
A chain of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Primary structure
The folding or twisting of a polypeptide chain into a helix
Secondary structure
Bending and folding of a polypeptide after its secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Structure of a protein that is composed of 2 or more chains of polypeptides
Quaternary structure
