Units 5-8 Exam Flashcards by Lilly Hernandez

Characterized by wavelength and is measured in nanometers (nm); energy from the sun radiates to earth as waves of light; light is then absorbed by the pigments inside the chloroplast; people and blue wavelengths (shortest) contain the most energy; red (longest) have the lowest amount of energy

The electromagnetic spectrum

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3 possible fates for light encountering an object

Absorbed, reflected, transmitted

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light is taken up by the object is encounters and is thus no longer visible. Only this can be used in photosynthesis

Absorbed

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Light is not taken up by the object, it is the color you see because it goes back to your eyes

Reflected

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Light passes through an object. If you can see through an object, then light also passed through

Transmitted

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Each pigment’s energy absorption is illustrated in an _______

Absorption spectrum

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Photosynthetic activity can be detected by measuring oxygen production in an ______

Action spectrum

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Molecules within the chloroplast that absorb energy at specific wavelengths

Pigments

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Main pigment, it gives chloroplasts their green color

Chlorophyll a

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Absorb light energy and pass this energy on to chlorophyll a; although each pigment has its own absorption spectrum, all the pigments work together; allow the plant to utilize the full range of the visible light spectrum

Accessory pigments

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An accessory green pigment

Chlorophyll b

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Method of separating major plant pigments based on differential solubility

Chromatography

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Carotenoids (yellow-orange)

top

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Chlorophyll a (blue-green)

middle

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Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)

Bottom

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What is the most soluble on TLC strips: Top, middle, or bottom?

Top

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Calculation for the Rf value for each pigment on the TLC strip

Rf=a/b

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Plants harness light energy and convert it into usable energy (sugar); This occurs in the chloroplasts; Plants take in CO2, water, and light; and produce sugar and O2

Photosynthesis

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Thin, waxy outer layer, protects inner parts of the leaf and prevents water loss through evaporation

Cuticle

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Upper and lower surfaces of leaf (contain no chloroplasts), outermost layer, like your skin

Epidermis

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In upper portion of leaf interior (contains many chloroplasts and is the site of most photosynthesis)–cells are vertically oriented to increase exposure to sunlight

Palisade layer

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Lower portion of leaf interior (larger air spaces allow gasses to pass freely into/out of leaf interior), contain chloroplasts

Spongy layer

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Guard cells and stomata

Leaf structure

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Specialized epidermal cells, regulate opening and closing of stomata via osmosis

Guard cells

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Tiny pores in the epidermis, surrounded by guard cells (when open, allows gas to enter the leaf)

Stomata

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through this pathway

Stomata-->lower epidermis-->spongy layer-->palisade layer

Guard cells open and close the stomata by _______

Osmosis

Water moves into guard cells, causing the cells to swell; process happens during the day

Stomata opened

Water moves out of guard cells, causing the cells to shrivel; process happens at night

Stomata closed

Stoma opening

Hypotonic

Stoma closing

Hypertonic

Metabolism in germinating plants

Embryo, endosperm

Developing organism, "baby" plant or animal

Embryo

Food source for developing plant embryo

Endosperm

Oxygen consumption rate equals?

Metabolic rate

Insect respiratory system

Spiracles, tracheae

The holes on the outside of the body in which air enters the tracheae, along the entirety of the body with many being on the thorax and abdomen

Spiracles

The tubes on the inside of the body, delivers oxygen directly to metabolizing cells and tissues, they are connecting to individual cells

Tracheae

Air sacs at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs, they are surrounded by capillaries

Alveoli

Tubes from the bronchi that lead to the alveoli

Bronchioles

Tubes branching out from the tracheae that carry air into each lung

Bronchi

Air tube leading from back of the mouth down the chest cavity, the windpipe

Trachea

Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity, contraction of this muscle expands the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs

Diaphragm

Flap at the top of the trachea that prevents food from entering or blocking the pathway of air to the lungs

Epiglottis

Air flow pathway

Nose, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downwards, increasing the volumes within the chest cavity; this reduces the air pressure within the lungs and allows oxygen to come rushing in

Breathing in

When the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the chest cavity is reduced; this causes carbon dioxide to move out of the lungs

Breathing out

Appearance of chromosomes; disappearance of the nuclear membrane; disappearance of the nucleolus; formation of spindle fibers and attachment of fibers to centromeres

Prophase

Positioning of the chromosomes at the "equatorial plane"

Metaphase

Separation of chromatids to opposite "poles"

Anaphase

Disappearance of chromosomes; reappearance of the nucleolus; reappearance of the nuclear membrane

Telophase

Longest to shortest phases of mitosis

Prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase

A process of nuclear division; it takes place in a dividing cells and results in the formation of tow new nuclei, each having the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus

Mitosis

The division of the cytoplasm into two masses. When this follows mitosis, the result is two cells, each with a nucleus. The two cells ("daughter" cells) are identical to one another and to the original cell

Cytokinesis

Beginning the formation of a new cell wall between plant daughter cells; forms during telophase

Cell plate

Constriction that forms around the middle of an animal cell, subdivides cytoplasm; begins to form during the anaphase stage of mitosis

Cleavage furrow

The structure in the nucleus that contains genetic information

Chromosomes

One of the 2 replicas of a duplicated chromosome, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome and are identical to each other

Chromatids

Structure in a chromosome that joins replicated chromatids, spindle fibers attach here

Centromere

Identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere

Sister chromatids

Physically similar chromosomes that pair up during synapsis, one is inherited by the mother and the other by the father

Homologous chromosomes

A picture of the chromosomal content of a species

Karyotype

Homologous pairs of chromosomes present; contains homologous chromosome pairs; twice the genetic content of a haploid cell; the end product of mitosis; all the cells of your body, except the reproductive cells (gametes) are this; the same is true for nearly all other animals and many plants

Diploid

Reduced chromosomal content; does not contain homologous pairs; half the genetic content of a diploid cell; the end product of meiosis; in most organisms, the only haploid cells are the gametes (sperm or egg cells)

Haploid

Prophase I; synapsis; anaphase I; telophase I

Meiosis I

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. homologous chromosomes pair up with each other

Prophase I

Pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Synapsis

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane

Metaphase I

Each pair of homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles; each chromosome is still duplicated (consists of 2 chromatids)

Anaphase I

Two haploid nuclei form. Reduction of chromosome number is completed, but chromosome are still replicated

Telophase I

Prophase II; metaphase II; anaphase II; telophase II

Meiosis II

Looks the same as telophase I

Prophase II

Chromosomes line up along equatorial plane

Metaphase II

The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles

Anaphase II

Four haploid nuclei result, each with only one copy of each chromosome

Telophase II

2 types of meiosis for 2 different types of gametes

Gametogenesis

Meiosis that produces sperm, creates 4 spermatozoa at the end of meiosis, enough the fertilize, 2 genetically different types are produced

Spermatogenesis

Meiosis that produces egg cells, 1 daughter cell produced at the end of meiosis, all resources are put into that one

Oogenesis

Alternate forms of a gene found on a chromosome, diploid organisms have 2 for each gene

Allele

Big letter (B) at least one must be present for an organism to exhibit this phenotype

Dominant Allele

Little letter (b) both recessive must be present for organism to exhibit this phenotype

Recessive Allele

The genetic description of an individual (ex. BB,Bb,bb)

Genotype

The physical appearance of an individual (ex. Blue, brown eyes)

Phenotype

Individual with identical alleles (BB or bb)

Homozygous

Individual with two different alleles (Bb)

Heterozygous

A genetic cross for ONE TRAIT

Monohybrid cross

A heterozygous individual who is "carrying" the recessive allele; ex. Aa

Carrier

Homozygous; ex. AA,aa

True-breeding

The offspring of the parental generation

The offspring of a cross of 2 F1 individuals

A monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a ____ phenotypic ratio

3:1

A genetic cross of TWO TRAITS; Ex. eye color and hair type

Dihybrid cross

A dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a _____ phenotypic ratio

9:3:3:1

A cross between two true-breeding parents (AA x aa) yields what kind of offspring?

100% heterozygous offspring

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes (Gg x Gg), there will always be what type of ratio?

3:1 phenotypic ratio

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes (TtRr x TtRr), there will always be what type of ratio?

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

Includes dominant and recessive offspring; ex. 3 children will exhibit the dominant phenotypes to every one child that exhibits the recessive phenotype

Ratio