Units 5-8 Exam Flashcards
Characterized by wavelength and is measured in nanometers (nm); energy from the sun radiates to earth as waves of light; light is then absorbed by the pigments inside the chloroplast; people and blue wavelengths (shortest) contain the most energy; red (longest) have the lowest amount of energy
The electromagnetic spectrum
3 possible fates for light encountering an object
Absorbed, reflected, transmitted
light is taken up by the object is encounters and is thus no longer visible. Only this can be used in photosynthesis
Absorbed
Light is not taken up by the object, it is the color you see because it goes back to your eyes
Reflected
Light passes through an object. If you can see through an object, then light also passed through
Transmitted
Each pigment’s energy absorption is illustrated in an _______
Absorption spectrum
Photosynthetic activity can be detected by measuring oxygen production in an ______
Action spectrum
Molecules within the chloroplast that absorb energy at specific wavelengths
Pigments
Main pigment, it gives chloroplasts their green color
Chlorophyll a
Absorb light energy and pass this energy on to chlorophyll a; although each pigment has its own absorption spectrum, all the pigments work together; allow the plant to utilize the full range of the visible light spectrum
Accessory pigments
An accessory green pigment
Chlorophyll b
Method of separating major plant pigments based on differential solubility
Chromatography
Carotenoids (yellow-orange)
top
Chlorophyll a (blue-green)
middle
Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)
Bottom
What is the most soluble on TLC strips: Top, middle, or bottom?
Top
Calculation for the Rf value for each pigment on the TLC strip
Rf=a/b
Plants harness light energy and convert it into usable energy (sugar); This occurs in the chloroplasts; Plants take in CO2, water, and light; and produce sugar and O2
Photosynthesis
Thin, waxy outer layer, protects inner parts of the leaf and prevents water loss through evaporation
Cuticle
Upper and lower surfaces of leaf (contain no chloroplasts), outermost layer, like your skin
Epidermis
In upper portion of leaf interior (contains many chloroplasts and is the site of most photosynthesis)–cells are vertically oriented to increase exposure to sunlight
Palisade layer
Lower portion of leaf interior (larger air spaces allow gasses to pass freely into/out of leaf interior), contain chloroplasts
Spongy layer
Guard cells and stomata
Leaf structure
Specialized epidermal cells, regulate opening and closing of stomata via osmosis
Guard cells
Tiny pores in the epidermis, surrounded by guard cells (when open, allows gas to enter the leaf)
Stomata
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through this pathway
Stomata–>lower epidermis–>spongy layer–>palisade layer
Guard cells open and close the stomata by _______
Osmosis
Water moves into guard cells, causing the cells to swell; process happens during the day
Stomata opened
Water moves out of guard cells, causing the cells to shrivel; process happens at night
Stomata closed
Stoma opening
Hypotonic
Stoma closing
Hypertonic
Metabolism in germinating plants
Embryo, endosperm
Developing organism, “baby” plant or animal
Embryo
Food source for developing plant embryo
Endosperm
Oxygen consumption rate equals?
Metabolic rate
Insect respiratory system
Spiracles, tracheae
The holes on the outside of the body in which air enters the tracheae, along the entirety of the body with many being on the thorax and abdomen
Spiracles
The tubes on the inside of the body, delivers oxygen directly to metabolizing cells and tissues, they are connecting to individual cells
Tracheae
Air sacs at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs, they are surrounded by capillaries
Alveoli
Tubes from the bronchi that lead to the alveoli
Bronchioles
Tubes branching out from the tracheae that carry air into each lung
Bronchi
Air tube leading from back of the mouth down the chest cavity, the windpipe
Trachea
Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity, contraction of this muscle expands the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs
Diaphragm
Flap at the top of the trachea that prevents food from entering or blocking the pathway of air to the lungs
Epiglottis
Air flow pathway
Nose, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries
When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downwards, increasing the volumes within the chest cavity; this reduces the air pressure within the lungs and allows oxygen to come rushing in
Breathing in
When the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the chest cavity is reduced; this causes carbon dioxide to move out of the lungs
Breathing out
Appearance of chromosomes; disappearance of the nuclear membrane; disappearance of the nucleolus; formation of spindle fibers and attachment of fibers to centromeres
Prophase
Positioning of the chromosomes at the “equatorial plane”
Metaphase
Separation of chromatids to opposite “poles”
Anaphase
Disappearance of chromosomes; reappearance of the nucleolus; reappearance of the nuclear membrane
Telophase
Longest to shortest phases of mitosis
Prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase
A process of nuclear division; it takes place in a dividing cells and results in the formation of tow new nuclei, each having the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus
Mitosis
The division of the cytoplasm into two masses. When this follows mitosis, the result is two cells, each with a nucleus. The two cells (“daughter” cells) are identical to one another and to the original cell
Cytokinesis
Beginning the formation of a new cell wall between plant daughter cells; forms during telophase
Cell plate
Constriction that forms around the middle of an animal cell, subdivides cytoplasm; begins to form during the anaphase stage of mitosis
Cleavage furrow
The structure in the nucleus that contains genetic information
Chromosomes
One of the 2 replicas of a duplicated chromosome, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome and are identical to each other
Chromatids
Structure in a chromosome that joins replicated chromatids, spindle fibers attach here
Centromere
Identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere
Sister chromatids
Physically similar chromosomes that pair up during synapsis, one is inherited by the mother and the other by the father
Homologous chromosomes
A picture of the chromosomal content of a species
Karyotype
Homologous pairs of chromosomes present; contains homologous chromosome pairs; twice the genetic content of a haploid cell; the end product of mitosis; all the cells of your body, except the reproductive cells (gametes) are this; the same is true for nearly all other animals and many plants
Diploid
Reduced chromosomal content; does not contain homologous pairs; half the genetic content of a diploid cell; the end product of meiosis; in most organisms, the only haploid cells are the gametes (sperm or egg cells)
Haploid
Prophase I; synapsis; anaphase I; telophase I
Meiosis I
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. homologous chromosomes pair up with each other
Prophase I
Pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Synapsis
Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane
Metaphase I
Each pair of homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles; each chromosome is still duplicated (consists of 2 chromatids)
Anaphase I
Two haploid nuclei form. Reduction of chromosome number is completed, but chromosome are still replicated
Telophase I
Prophase II; metaphase II; anaphase II; telophase II
Meiosis II
Looks the same as telophase I
Prophase II
Chromosomes line up along equatorial plane
Metaphase II
The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase II
Four haploid nuclei result, each with only one copy of each chromosome
Telophase II
2 types of meiosis for 2 different types of gametes
Gametogenesis
Meiosis that produces sperm, creates 4 spermatozoa at the end of meiosis, enough the fertilize, 2 genetically different types are produced
Spermatogenesis
Meiosis that produces egg cells, 1 daughter cell produced at the end of meiosis, all resources are put into that one
Oogenesis
Alternate forms of a gene found on a chromosome, diploid organisms have 2 for each gene
Allele
Big letter (B) at least one must be present for an organism to exhibit this phenotype
Dominant Allele
Little letter (b) both recessive must be present for organism to exhibit this phenotype
Recessive Allele
The genetic description of an individual (ex. BB,Bb,bb)
Genotype
The physical appearance of an individual (ex. Blue, brown eyes)
Phenotype
Individual with identical alleles (BB or bb)
Homozygous
Individual with two different alleles (Bb)
Heterozygous
A genetic cross for ONE TRAIT
Monohybrid cross
A heterozygous individual who is “carrying” the recessive allele; ex. Aa
Carrier
Homozygous; ex. AA,aa
True-breeding
The offspring of the parental generation
F1
The offspring of a cross of 2 F1 individuals
F2
A monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a ____ phenotypic ratio
3:1
A genetic cross of TWO TRAITS; Ex. eye color and hair type
Dihybrid cross
A dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a _____ phenotypic ratio
9:3:3:1
A cross between two true-breeding parents (AA x aa) yields what kind of offspring?
100% heterozygous offspring
In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes (Gg x Gg), there will always be what type of ratio?
3:1 phenotypic ratio
In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes (TtRr x TtRr), there will always be what type of ratio?
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
Includes dominant and recessive offspring; ex. 3 children will exhibit the dominant phenotypes to every one child that exhibits the recessive phenotype
Ratio
