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Industrial Monitoring and Protection > Units 6 > Flashcards

Units 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Name four upstream oil and gas facilities

A 
Wells
pipelines and trucking
Batteries
compressor stations
Oilfield injection
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2
Q

How crude oil is transported to refining point

A

truck or pipeline to battery and then by pipeline to upgrader or refinery

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3
Q

What is the objective of upstream crude treatment

A

Battery- removal of saltwater, sand, gas, and suphur. And reduce viscosity for easy transport

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4
Q

What are common impurities of crude oil?

A

.Saltwater, sand, sulphur

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5
Q

What is the upper limit of impurities of crude oil that can go into a pipeline

A

0.5% saltwater and sand

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6
Q

List 4 factors determining size and design of oil&gas production/treatment facilities

A 
Type of crude
Spacing of wells
Production rate
Life expectancy
Concentration of H2S
Type of recovery scheme
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7
Q

What is a battery?

A

collects oil and gas effulent and separates it into separate streams (oil, gas, water)
As well it removes impurities and purifies liquids

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8
Q

Name different types of batteries

A

Single-well
Central Battery
Satellite Battery

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9
Q

What are battery charge tanks?

A

Heated tanks used to settle out saltwater and solids

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10
Q

What are water tanks?

A

Used to stored salt water before it is sent to injection wells. Skimmer takes off oil floating on top

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11
Q

What are sales tanks?

A

Treated oil is stored until it is sent to upgrader or refinery

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12
Q

Describe the emulsion treatment

A

Emulsion used after separation (free solid removal) to further remove solids and water.
Surfactants-> speed up and enhance treatment
Attract water and cause them to form droplets. water droplets are dispersed in oil

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13
Q

What are the two types of heat treaters and how do they function?

A 
Heat decreases viscosity
Water droplets collide and join together
water eventually settles down
vertical or horizontal
Sand falls out too
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14
Q

What condensate is used in a battery?

A

Liquid component of nat gas

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15
Q

Three problems associated with batteries?

A

Emissions
H2S flaring/venting
Water pollution
Spills

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16
Q

How can you reduce environmental damage by batteries?

A

not in environmentally sensitive areas (ie. by water)

frequent inspections

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17
Q

Where are most of the NGLs removed?

a. inside pipeline
b. near wellhead
c. at processing plant

A

.C

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18
Q

what are two basic steps in separation of NGLs

A

NGLs separated from Nat Gas

Separated from each othe into base compounds

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19
Q

What is the main method of separation of NGLs? absoption or adsorption?

A

absorption- absorbing oil

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20
Q

With reference to the separation of NGL’s, what is the difference between rich and lean oil?

A

.absorbing oil with NGLs is rich

without NGLs is lean

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21
Q

What is the term used for nat gas with high sulfide?

A

Sour gas. exceeds 5.7mg/m3

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22
Q

How is hydrogen sulpfide removed from nat gas?

A

sweetening-

Amine solution removes H2S

solution has an affinity for sulphur

regenerated and reused

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23
Q

what is the process of removing hydrogen sulfide from nat gas called?

A

sweetening

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24
Q

what is the fate of separated sulfur

A

if reduced to elemental form- sold and reused

Clause plant- thermal/catalytic reactions to extract S from H2S

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25
Q

what is physically unrecoverable gas?

A

gas permanently embedded in the formation and can never be extracted.
due to low pressure. No pressure differential left to push the nat gas out of storage facility

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26
Q

what is the most common form of storage for nat gas?

A

Depleted gas reservoirs

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27
Q

What are the advantages of using an already depleted resevoir for storage of nat gas?

A

already exists, proven to hold nat gas. Equipment already there. reduces cost.

28
Q

how are salt caverns used for storage? how are they developed

A

structural strength of steel.
resilient of reservoir degradation
little can escape

Out of old salt caverns

  • drill down into formation
  • hot water to dissolve to leave a large area for storage
29
Q

How is processed nat gas transported to the processing plant? ______ pressure pipeline

A

high 200-1500 PSI

reduces volume 600 times

30
Q

what is the purposed of a compressor staion? Name two types.

A

ensures gas stays pressurized periodically along pipeline

tubine- uses nat gas turbine to operate a centerfugal compressor- fan compresses and pumps

electric motor- uses electricity.

31
Q

What is the purpose of valve stations along nat gas pipelines

A

used to stop flow along certain sections of pipe ever 10-35km.
if section need maintenance or replacing.

32
Q

What is natural gas

A

naturally occurring hydrocarbon- mostly methane

easier to produce than unconventional oil

tight gas, coal bed methane, shale gas, gas hydrate

33
Q

What is the difference between conventional and unconventional crude oil

A

conventional flows, unconventional is bitumen that is hard to extract and is very viscous. Lots of impurities

34
Q

Name 3 types of unconventional oil

A

Heavy oil, oil sands, tight oil

35
Q

What is the petroleum industry

A

Include the exploration, produce, process, transportation, refinery, and market of petroleum commodities (oils and gas)

36
Q

What is another name for the upstream sector

A

Exploration and production

37
Q

Site abandonment and basic processing falls into this this sector
Up/down/mid?

A

Upstream

38
Q

Transportation of crude oil falls into this sector.

Up/down/mid

A

Midstream

39
Q

Marketing and distribution of petroleum falls into this sector?

A

Down stream

40
Q

What is an upgrader

A

bitumen is so heavy that it is treated before it can go to a refinery.
upgrades bitumen to synthetic crude oil.
Midstream

41
Q

Name three enviro impacts of upstream

A 
GHGs
spills
habitat fragentation
water use
waste generation
42
Q

Name 3 environment impacts of midstream

A

GHG
Sedimentation
Spills leaks
contamination

43
Q

Name 3 enviro impacts of downstream

A 
Refinery emissions
GHG
spills- contamination
VOC
Waste
44
Q

In Canada. Hydro fracturing is not regulated

T/f

A

F

45
Q

With regard to oil and gas operations. Which of the following is regulated

A. Water use
B. Land owner rights
C. Health and safety
D. All the above

A

D

46
Q

What hydrocarbon is the main component of nat gas?

A

Methane

47
Q

What are ngl

A

Natural gas liquids- removed at processing plants

with H2S, CO2, H2O, Nitrogen

48
Q

What is the importance of nat gas industry to Canada?

A

4th largest world producer is canada
1/3 of power comes from nat gas
78% in alberta

49
Q 
Nat gas that exists with oil but separate from it is termed
A. Non-associated
B. Dissolved
C. Oil-ga
D. Free
E. Tight.
A

Free

50
Q

What are the constituents of nat gas before processing?

A

Crude oil, Propane, ethane, butane, pentane

Water vapour, H2S, C02, Helium, nitrogen

51
Q

Broadly speaking. What is the meaning of nat gas processing?
4 main processes?

A

removing all various hydrocarbons and fluids from pure nat gas to produce pipeline quality dry nat gas

52
Q

Ngl are an important by-product of NG. How can they be used

A

sold separately

  • enhance oil recovery
  • provide raw materials for petro-chemical plants
  • sources of energy
53
Q

How the raw natural gas is transported to the processing plant

——diameter, —— pressure pipeline

A

small, low

54
Q

What is natural gas hydrate

A

solid/semi solid ice crystals that impede the passage of nat gas through pipelines

  • avoided via nat gas heated fire units installed along the pipe
55
Q

Explain the low temp separator (suggest drawing out)

A

wells with high pressure gas with oil.

pressure differentials cool and wet nat gas- separating it

by changing pressure of gas, manipulates temperature. causing oil and water to condensate out of wet gas streams

wet gas travels through a liquid knockout, to remove all liquids

low temp choke expands gas rapidly

dry gas is warmed by incoming wet gas

56
Q

Most of the water content of the produced nat gas is removed here

A

wellhead- simple separation methods

57
Q

What is the difference between adsorption and absorption

A

absorption- dehydrating agent removes water vapour

adsorption- water vapour is collected and condensed on surface

58
Q

How does absorption work?

A

absorb water vapour via a liquid desiccant - Glycol

high affinity for water and “steals” water from nat gas stream
Gylcol particles with water are heavy and sink to bottom of contactor

dry gas flows out the top

Glycol goes regenerator that boils out the water so glycol can be reused

59
Q

How does adsorption work?

A

adsorption towers filled with solid desiccant
(activated alumina or a granular silica gel)

tower top to bottom

wet gas through particle- adsorbed onto the surface.

wetgas falls through the desiccant bed. almost all water is adsorbed and dry gas exists the bottom

two towers required because they become saturated and need regenerated via high temps. high temp gas evapoartes the water

60
Q

Glycol dehydration in which process?

A

absorption

61
Q

How is glycol reused during water removal?

A

sent to regenerator where water is boiled off

62
Q

Which process is solid desiccant. How does it work?

A

adsorption

63
Q

How is the desiccant agent reused during water removal processes

A

high temp heater heats gas to vapourize the water

64
Q

four main processes of nat gas processing

A

Oil gas removal
water removal
removals of NGLs
and Sulphur and CO2

65
Q

What is a metering station

A

along NG pipelines to measure and monitor nat gas in pipes

Industrial Monitoring and Protection (5 decks)

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