Chapters 23-26 Flashcards
John D. Rockefeller
He was the owner of the Standard Oil Company, which was a monopoly, and he created horizontal integration to make it appear as though it wasn’t a monopoly by buying smaller oil companies but didn’t change their name.
J.P. Morgan
He was a financier/banker who purchased Carnegie Steel Co. for $400 million and turned it into the first billion dollar company in the world. He changed the name to U.S. Steel.
Andrew Carnegie
He stole a steel making process from Henry Bessemer. Later on he steals another company called Allegheny simply because they were manufacturing better steel so he lied about them to a newspaper and then when they went under he bought the company and stole their process. He practiced vertical integration which was where a company owned the whole process from start to finish. He also gives money to start free libraries.
Henry Bessemer
He created the steel process roughly 20 years before Carnegie had stolen his process and take it to the US.
Interlocking Directorates
Were the executives/directors from the board of one company also work as executives or directors on the board of another company. This practice was introduced by J.P. Morgan.
1868 -1872 Elections
In 1868 there were two presidential candidates were Ulysses S. Grant and Horacio Seymour. In 1872 the two presidential candidates were Ulysses S. Grant and Horace Greeley. Ultimately Ulysses S. Grant won both elections.
1876 Election
The two presidential candidates were Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden. Ultimately it was Rutherford B. Hayes who won the the election.
1880 Election
The two presidential candidates were James A. Garfield and Winfield Scott Hancock. Ultimately James A. Garfield won the election.
1884 Election
The two presidential candidates were Grover Cleveland and James G. Blaine. Ultimately Grover Cleveland won the election.
1888 Election
The two presidential candidates were Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison. Ultimately Benjamin Harrison won the election.
1892 Election
The two presidential candidates were Grover Cleveland, James B. Weaver (populist), and Benjamin Harrison. Ultimately Grover Cleveland won the election. Him winning this election made him the the first and only president to win two elections not back to back. He is the 22nd and 24th president.
1896 Election
1896 Election
The two presidential candidates were William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan. William Jennings Bryan was the democrat and populist candidate. Ultimately William McKinley won the election.
James A. Garfield
He was shot in 1881 after winning the 1880 election. He was shot twice by Charles J. Guiteau but succumbed to death by the unsanitary methods of doctors.
Yellow Dog Contracts
You cannot work at that place if you are in a union. Big no no.
Blacklist
Blacklist is someone who gets fired from their job and they cannot find another.
Union Pacific Railroad
The Union Pacific Railroad was going from East to West. They start the railroad in Omaha and most of the immigrant workers are Irish.
Central Pacific Railroad
The Central Pacific Railroad was going from West to East. They started in San Francisco and most of the immigrant workers are Chinese.
Trust
A trust is where one company takes control of many and in some cases they don’t change the name of the new company that they take over so it appears as though they don’t have a monopoly. Also a new type of industrial organization, in which the voting rights of a controlling number of shares of competing firms were entrusted to a small group of men, or trustees, who thus were able to prevent competition among the companies they controlled.
Sherman Anti-trust Act
The Sherman Anti-trust Act was an act that was passed to regulate monopolies and it was not so much as controlling the monopoly as it was stopping them from becoming too big. The Anti-trust and tried but also failed at enforcing it because there was no one in particular who was ever given the job to investigate anyone. Passed in April of 1890
Monopoly
Monopolies were these companies that grew to be so huge that there was very little in the market for what they sold other than them so they could charge whatever they want.
National Labor Union
This first national labor organization in U.S. history was founded in 1866, the organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.
*Excluded the Chinese and don’t really help blacks or women.
*Mostly trying to get an eight hour work day.
Knights of Labor
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race.
→Also arguing for an eight hour work day
→The Haymarket Square Riot will end their union.
Haymarket Square Riot 1886
A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people.
American Federation of Labor founded 1886
Unions that included only skilled workers. Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL’s membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the twentieth century.
Closed Shop
In order to work there you must be apart of a union.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
He should be connected to the railroad, more specifically the Grand Central Station. He helps create Vanderbilt University He family was famous for having a building with the first indoor plumbing.
Robber Baron/Captain of Industry
Same terms with different connotation.
→Robber Baron
powerful individuals who amasses or gain wealth in questionable ways (scandal, lie, cheat, steal… etc.)
→Captain of Industry
powerful individuals who move a section of America forward.
Laissez-faire
→It is a French term that means to leave it alone.
→Capitalists argue for the government to stay out of businesses.
Corporation
An organization the is owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a single person.
Stockholders
People who own the corporation because they own shares of ownership called stocks, these owners are called stockholders.
raises large amounts of money for big projects while spreading out financial risk
Alexander Graham Bell
He invented the telephone but it was originally invented to help him communicate with his deaf wife.
Thomas Alva Edison
Invented the light bulb, motion picture camera, and the phonograph. With the light bulb they were now able to have a 24hr workday. Helps create the electric company GE.
Andrew Carnegie’s Philosophy (Gospel of Wealth)
He argues that the rich are destined to be rich and the poor are destined to be poor, and he argues to justify his state and to keep the poor in their state of poorness.
Leland Stanford
He needs to be connected to the railroad, more specifically Central Pacific Railroad. He also helped create Stanford University. He was the Governor of California.
Trade Union
A union with workers who have a specific skill.
Industrial Union
United ALL craft workers and common laborers in a union.
United States Steel Corporation
This company was originally known as Carnegie Steel until it was bought by J.P. Morgan. It is the first billion dollar corporation in the world.
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the AFL (American Federation of Labor) which is the most successful union and its exclusive.
Pullman “Palace Car”/Strike
The workers go on strike for wages so the owner put the mail on the train and people need their mail so the federal government gets involved and sends troops down to stop the workers.
Orville and Wilbur Wrigh
They are known for inventing the airplane and having the first manned mechanical flight.
Nikola Tesla
He helped with the creation of the modern radio.
Land Grants
The government gave land to railroad companies to compensate for building railroads. They gave them the land 5-10 miles past the railroad for the railroad to sell to businesses.
Transcontinental Railroad
1862-1869 built by the union and central pacific railroads and it officially connects the East and the West.
Promontory Point Utah
This is where the railroads finally connected. They actually drilled in a golden stake and took it out and placed it in a museum.
Jay Gould
He is a railroad tycoon, who is one of the wealthiest men in American history and he’s one of the most corrupt men in American history. He is the face of robber barons.
Great Northern - Duluth to Seattle
James J. Hill may be the greatest builder of all time. He was the one who had the foresight to know that we needed more than one transcontinental railroad. He was a very honest individual and not corrupt.
Interstate Commerce Commission
When they create the act the government regulates commerce between states.
Lockouts/Strike
When workers going on strike the owners lockout.
Company Towns
When a company pays you wages but you can only spend them within their company town
Creation of Timezones
Railroad companies help to standardize time by creating four time zones. (Eastern, Central, Pacific, & Mountain) Before the time zones because you traveled by horse and buggy or oxen and they just showed up when they showed up because they weren’t going by schedule like the railroad did.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The first nationwide strike.
Scab Workers
They are the people who work for companies during strikes.
Homestead Strike
Andrew Carnegie against his steel mill workers and the federal government had to get involved.
Edwin Drake
First guy to successfully drill for oil and before petroleum was used for oil it was used for kerosene.
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer comes up with the philosophy of Social Darwinism. He changes Darwin’s idea towards businesses like how bigger businesses should be allowed because the little companies need to be fit or they won’t survive.
James Duke/American Tobacco Company
He is the tobacco tycoon or the tobacco guy. He founded Duke University.
Creation of Labor Day
A national holiday that allows workers a day off.
The Homestead Act
Basically where the government gave you land to move out west. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. But the land was usually infertile.
Sodbuster
Nickname for the people who move to settle the west. As cotton is to the south wheat is to the west.
Frederick Jackson Turner
He wrote the frontier thesis where he argues that America always need a frontier to explore. Was a very influential interpretation about American history, more specifically about the west and westward expansion.
Comstock Lode
The Comstock Lode (Nevada 1859) over $340 million was mined from. It had one of the largest mineral deposits out west, and it’s still producing to this day.
Long Drive/Cattle trails
*The cattle that became famous are the Texas Longhorns. They become famous because they are hardy.
*The Mexicans/Spanish were the ones who taught us about ranching.
*The most famous is the Chisholm trail, and it goes from Texas to Abilene, Kansas. (1500 miles)
*Once the cattle is in the east has been replenished then the prices go down
Cattle Kingdom
Cattle kingdoms were when you could make a lot of money very quickly in the ranching business.
Cowboys
They are smaller than normal men who work on a farm. They are smaller than normal men to minimize the strain on horses.
Open Range
When you have public government land where anyone can go and graze cattle.
Donner Party
A group of settlers attempted a shortcut through the mountains. Most of the the party froze to death, starved, or resorted cannibalism.
Boom-town to Ghost-town
*Boom-town were small towns that grew while the mines were open and then quickly disappeared when the mine closed.
*The two main things that would’ve allowed the town to survive would have been the railroad or water, and if you had one of those two than then your town would survive
*Towns would often fight for the railroad to come to the town.
Placer Mining
Simple surface mining (shovel, picks, and pans to get surface metals)
Quartz Mining
They went deep underground to get metal, and they got more metals this way.
Reservation System
Where they forced the Indians to live on certain plots of land communally. Ended with the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887
Battle of Little BigHorn
This was Custer’s Last Stand. In two days, June 25 and 26 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 US soldiers. The battle occurred because soldier tried to force the Indians onto a reservation and they protected their territory, soon after the United States Army soon extracted retribution.
Battle of Wounded Knee
The battle happened because tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of “Ghost Dance,” which the US government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.
Dawes Severalty Act
In 1887, an act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. But some of the land was sold to non-native buyers. The US attempts to give land to the Natives but it fails.
Sitting Bull
Sitting bull was a chief of the Sioux tribe.
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse was a chief of the Sioux tribe.
George A. Custer
*He is an American military soldier and leader, who becomes famous after his death at the Battle of Little Bighorn aka (Custer’s Last Stand).
*He became a general in the Civil War and he was known to sacrifice many troops to obtain whatever he wanted.
*At his last stand he follows what he thought was a small group of Natives into a valley and there were thousands on the hill.
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce
*They do not fight when asked to go on reservations, they will flee. And they are eventually captured and put on the reservation system.
*They tried to flee to Canada because the French had colonized it and the Natives had a good relationship with the French.
Geronimo
Geronimo was a chief of the Apache tribe.
Sioux Wars
Sioux Wars were connected to the Battle of Little BigHorn.
Apache
Geronimo was chief of the Apache tribe.
Ghost Dance
A Native American religious ceremony in which they thought their dead ancestors, soldiers, and buffalo and overtake the Americans and have their lives back.
Sand Creek Massacre
American soldiers will surround and kill Native American men, women, and children who have attempted to surrender.
Fetterman’s Massacre
A group of Native Americans acted like there weren’t many of them so the American soldiers came out to kill them thinking there weren’t too many of them. Then the Native have a larger group that comes out and surrounds the American soldiers.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
The tensions begin with the natives and the government tells the the mid-west Native Americans that just wanted to build army forts to safely travel across.
Buffalo
The Native American groups used this animal for everything in their life. They were nomadic people who followed the buffalo so in order to subdue them, we mass exterminated the buffalo.
Buffalo Soldiers
A Negative and racial term used towards black soldiers and they were sent out west to hunt the buffalo.
Mechanization of Agriculture
The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870’s and 1880’s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.
Crime of ‘73
The populists and farmers want both gold and silver in circulation so that the value of money goes down so that their product value goes up. But the government instead decided to stop minting any money which angered the farmers and they realized the only way to convince the government was to organize themselves politically.
Joseph F. Glidden
He invented barbed wire which was a cheap and effective way to have private property which brings open grazing and cattle kingdoms.
Mary Elizabeth Lease
She is a female activist writer who is for populism and farmers (aka she’s for the small man not the big man.)
Waving the Bloody Shirt
The strategy of involved calling public attention to the issues that the country was facing. This technique was particularly successful in the North and was able to garner support from veterans’.
William “Boss” Tweed
American politician from New York who is one of the most corrupt in American History. He swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.
Panic of 1873
A worldwide depression began in the US when one of the largest US banks declared bankruptcy which lead to many other banks closing. The crisis-intensified debtor’ calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver.
Gilded Age
A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the wide-spread corruption of the era.
Patronage
Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalist employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.
Pendleton Act
Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system.
Populists
Officially known as the People’s party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that US economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation’s farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver.
Gold Standard Act
An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying “free silver” campaign.
Hard or Sound Money
People want to make sure American currency has something solid to back it up.
Chester Arthur
President from 1881-1885, he was a republican president and he removed the patronage system and enacted the civil service system.
Thomas R. Reed
He was speaker of the House when congress first spent 1 billion dollars.
Benjamin Harrison
He was a republican president from 1889-1893 and he is the one in between Grover Cleveland. He is the third time in history that the candidate loses the popular vote but wins the presidency.
Whiskey Ring
1875 one of Grant’s scandals, politicians and whiskey owners abused the tax system.
Stalwart
From the republican party, Stalwart wants to stall progress by keeping the patronage system.
Halfbreed
From the republican party, Halfbreed wants to change the system to be based on education and experience.
“Billion Dollar” Congress
First time Congress spends 1 billion dollars in American history.
Populist Movements in order
- The Grange
- Farmer’s Alliance
- The Populist Party
Pension Act
Civil War veterans were given help by the government and it foreshadows what is to come.
William McKinley
*Twice elected republican president from 1897-1901. McKinley was assassinated.
*He will run a front porch campaign.
Eugene V. Debs
Presidential candidate who is was a socialist.
Bimetallism
Two metals: gold and silver because the value of the dollar decreases.
Free Silver
Populists and farmers wanted unlimited printing of silver to again decrease the value.
Depression of 1893
Until the Great Depression it was the worst economy in American history and it was caused by the slowdown in railroad expansion, decline in building construction, and foreign depression had reduced investment opportunities, and, following the brief upturn effected by the bumper wheat crop of 1891, agricultural prices fell as did exports and commerce in general.
Cross of Gold Speech
William Jennings Bryan has one of the most convincing speeches where he argues why silver is needed in the economy.
Thomas Nast
He was a political cartoonist that took down Boss Tweed, drew the republican elephant, and drew Santa Claus.
Poll Taxes
A Jim Crow Era law where you had to pay to vote.
Literacy Tests
A Jim Crow Era law where you had to prove education to vote.
Ida B. Wells
She was a female activist writer who was black. And her big issue that she helps to change is lynching.
Sharecropping
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain “share” of each year’s crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.
Jim Crow
System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950’s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.
Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with “separate but equal” facilities, these laws did not violate the 14th amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950’s.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in US history.
Grandfather Clause
A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890’s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors (“grandfathers”) had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.
New Immigrants
They are from South East Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. They are more discriminated against because they are really different from us with culture.
Settlement Houses
Mostly run by middle class, native-born women, and they provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities and social connections for immigrants in the US. Jane Addams must be connected with the Settlement Houses more specifically the Hull House in Chicago.
Nativism
Where you are more worried about home grown individuals than foreign individuals coming in.
Ghetto
Historically speaking a ghetto is an ethnic territory.
Slum
A poor run down part of town.
Old Immigrants
They are going to be from Northwest Europe, white Protestants and they are going to be farmers/agriculture. They are considered old immigrants because they have been here longer and they look like what we consider Americans to look like and they farm so they are out of the cities.
Statue of Liberty
Given to us by France and located in New York Harbor.
Ellis Island
Located in the New York Harbor. It’s in the East, and connected with European Immigrants (E from Ellis can be attributed to E from Europeans)
Angel Island
Located in San Francisco. It’t in the West, and connected with Asian Immigrants (A from Angel Island can be attributed to A from Asian)
Jacob Riis
An American Author and social activist and he helps with tenement housing through his book “How the other half lives” and he used pictures to show just how bad off the housing was which causes the tenements to become better which also causes the prices to rise.
Emma Lazarus
She is an American poet whose poem is found at the base of the statue of liberty and it is called the New Colossus.
Tuskegee Institute
An industrial school led by Booker T. Washington and it was focused on training black students in agriculture and trades.
Booker T. Washington
He created the Tuskegee Institute and he is the most famous black individual of his generation who argues for black workers.
W.E.B Dubois
He is arguably the most intelligent black individual of his generation and he argues for education and voting rights for blacks.
George Washington Carver
He helps forward progress for the peanut and he creates ways to use the peanut and things of that nature.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The most important black organization in America pre-civil rights.
Land Grant Colleges
Grants that helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late 19th century and many of today’s public universities derive from these grants.
Chautauqua
It is a way to help adults better their education.
Hatch Act of 1887
Provides federal funds for agriculture in schools (mostly colleges) and it was for white men.
Library of Congress
Was opened to help spread literature in America. Thomas Jefferson actually donated his collection for this library.
John Dewey
He is connected with helping libraries organize with the Dewey decimal system.
Pragmatism
Was the theory that the value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems.
World’s Colombian Exposition
It was held in Chicago and it was known as the world’s fair. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science.
The Great Chicago Fire of 1871
Before cities were built out of metal they were built out of wood…which is flammable and it caught on fire. After laws were passed requiring new buildings be constructed with fireproof materials such as brick, stone, marble, and limestone.
Philanthropy
It’s when rich people give back to society.
Advertising
When businesses needed to sell items they created advertising to do that.
Louis Sullivan
Louis Sullivan is always connected with skyscrapers because he was a early architect.
Department Stores
A new business that allows for a one stop shop.
Graduated Income Tax
The first time the government begins to tax income (cue everyone vomiting 🙄)
Skyscrapers
At this time in history New York had the most sky scrapers and the first sky scrapers was a Home Insurance Building in Chicago and it was 10 stories tall.
P.T. Barnum and James A. Bailey
The Ringling Brothers create the first traveling circus. Ultimately it gets shut down because of animal abuse, and they transported the animals via train.
Dr. James Naismith
He helped to create basketball. He is a northwestern PE teacher who wanted to find a way for kids to stay active during the winter
Transportation
It starts with horses, then advances to the trolley car, and helps with the creation of suburbs.
The Immigration mosts
During this time in history most of the immigrants were Europeans. The most discriminated immigrants were Asians. The most immigrants came from Germany.
Immigration Push Factors
-poverty
-wars
-politics
-religion
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
NAWSA argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
This organization wanted the prohibition of alcohol, it used women’s supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point.
Carrie Nation
She is a Kentucky native who with a Bible in one hand and a hatchet in the other tears up illegal saloons/bars.
Eighteenth Amendment
It is known as the prohibition/outlawing alcohol.
American Red Cross/ Clara Burton
Is an organization to help the less fortunate and they help during disaster relief. This organization was created by Clara Burton.
Charles Darwin
Creates a new theory of evolution/natural selection that begins to challenge religious ideology.
Modernist
They are beginning to challenge religious ideas and putting science in its place.
Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
They are going to help modernize medicine with the creation of sterilization and anti-septic.
William James
He is the most famous sociologist in America.
Henry George
He is an author who writes about how to help the poor at this time in America.
Horatio Alger
He is the most famous rags to riches author.
Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain
Mark Twain was the fake name or writer name of Samuel Clemens. He wrote the book called the “Gilded Age” and in the book he argues that though America is progressing further there are areas that we still need to fix.
Jack London
He wrote a book called “Call of the Wild” and he argues that life stinks and there is not much you can do about it.
Paul Laurence Dunbar
He is an American black poet who has ties to Kentucky and they named a school after him (PLD)
Social Gospel
People in America wanted religion and the Bible to make change.
Dwight Lyman (D.L) Moody/Moody Bible Institute
He is arguably the most famous minister in America at this time.
Salvation Army
Comes/starts in England, comes to America connected to religion and they are going to help the poor in some fashion.
YMCA
Comes/starts in England, comes to America connected to religion and they are going to help the poor in some fashion.
Who used the waving the bloody flag tactic?
Ulysses S. Grant
Ragtime
The most famous music of this era.
Scott Joplin
He is the most famous musician of the Ragtime era.
Urban and Rural America
Urban America grows faster but rural America has the most
American Cities
Largest city is New York and faster growing is Chicago.
Leisure Time
As businesses begin to pay Americans more they now have leisure time rises
Tenement Houses
Cheap affordable houses in big cities
1851-1890 Indian Events in order
- Fort Laramie
- Fetterman’s Massacre
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Battle of Bighorn
- Nez Perce
- Battle of Wounded Knee
