Chapters 36-40 Flashcards
1
Q
Cold War
A
- The ideological and often confrontational conflict between the US and USSR, between 1945-1991.
- US is capitalist and USSR is communist and they are fighting on which is a better form of government.
2
Q
GI Bill of Rights
A
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act: allows the military to have free education once they returned from war.
3
Q
Yalta Conference
A
- The countries of the world allowed people to choose their own government.
- This bites both the US and USSR in the butt becuase the USSR has to force communinsm on their people and the US is scared people will choose communism.
4
Q
United Nations
A
- A peacekeeping organization created after WW2. It had been successful in stopping another war.
- It has its problems: doesn’t have its own standing army so it is mostly funded and fought by the US (Korea & Vietnam)
5
Q
Satellite Nations/Soviet Bloc
A
Mostly Eastern Europe countries who are under the rule of communism.
6
Q
Iron Curtain
A
Created By Winston Churchill, it is the boundary that defines the democratic West Europe and communist East Europe. Called the iron curtain because it’s hard to move.
7
Q
Employment Act of 1946/Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
A
This was created to help/advise the president with the economy.
8
Q
Levittown
A
- Cheap, affordable, suburban homes.
- Called Levittowns because a lot of these cheap suburban homes were created by the Levitt Brothers
9
Q
White Flight
A
This was a migration of middle class white people, where they left the poorer and more racial charged areas of the city.
10
Q
Baby Boom Generation
A
- 1946-mid 1960’s
- 79 million babies were born.
- This generation is known as the Boomers
11
Q
Women in the home
A
End of the 1940’s-50’s women are still in teh home taking care of familites and not working outside the home until the 60’s movement
12
Q
Taft-Hartley Act
A
Will hurt labor unions by outlawing closed shops. This will be a step backwards for unions. During WW2 they gave workers benefits so they wouldn’t go on strike and now they take them away.
13
Q
Containment Doctrine
A
- This was create by George F. Kennan.
- Wherever communims is, it can stay, but if it spreads we will try to stop it.
14
Q
What is the color and animal that is connected to communism?
A
The color red and bears.
15
Q
Truman Doctrine
A
Officially endorses the containment doctrine and becomes the official US doctrine/policy.
16
Q
Israel
A
Israel is officially recognized as a nation on May 14, 1948. Israel is given back to the Jews after the Holocaust in the middle of the Muslim nations.
17
Q
Harry S. Truman
A
He was president from 1945-1953, he is a democrat, and he will be the first of the presidents to be in the Cold War.
18
Q
Election of 1948 Candidates
A
- Thomas E. Dewey ➡ Republican party
- Harry S. Truman ➡ Democrat party
- J. Strom Thurmond ➡ Dixiecrat party (Southern Democrat party)
- Henry A. Wallace ➡ Progressive party
Harry S Truman won
19
Q
What mishap happened at the Chicago Tribune during the election of 1948?
A
They really assumed that the winner was going to be Thomas E. Dewey, so much so that they wrote a whole front page article about it and sent it in the next day. This leads to the funny photo of Harry Truman grinning and hold this headline up during his inauguration.
20
Q
Marshall Plan/George Marshall
A
America’s economic plan to rebuild Europe, we wnat to physically rebuild Europe and economically so that they don’t turn to communism.
21
Q
National Security Act
A
- It will create the Department of Defense (DOD)
- It will create the National Security Council
- It will create the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
22
Q
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
A
This is our eyes and ears overseas and ocasionally makes things happen overseas for our favor.
23
Q
National Security Council
A
They advise the president on national security and foreign policies.
24
Q
Department of Defense
A
They essentially run all the branches of the military.
25
Jackie Robinson
- He is a civil rights activist who broke the baseball color barrier
- He is a hall of famer and his jersey number, 42, was retired
- Fantastic baseball player
26
Fair Deal
1949, Truman said, "Every segment of our population, and every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal."
27
What measures did Truman propose with his fair deal?
- Federal Aid to Education
- Raise Minimum Wage
- Ensure All Americans
- Legislate Equal Rights
28
"Point Four"
This was a US plan created by Truman where the US would help underdeveloped countries to improve their social, economic, and political conditions so that they wouldn't turn to communism.
29
Berlin Airlift
In 1948, when the Soviet Union cut off supplies to its people, western nations began to drop supplies to them.
30
Armed Forces
- In 1948, it was the first government organization integrated.
- The first war that was fought as integrated military was the Korean War.
- Executive order #9881
31
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Capitalist nations who agree to help each other if attacked. First time America will agree to this during times of peace.
32
Warsaw Pact
Soviet communists nations who agree to help each other if attacked.
33
Chiang Kai-Shek
The leader of China until 1949 and he is backed by the United States because even though he is a dictator, he was not a communist.
34
Mao Zedong
He is the founder of communist China and the leader of China until his death. He had a different type of communism than the USSR.
35
Korean War
1950-1953, communist North Korea invades capitalist South Korea. The US under aid of the United Nations, helps to defend South Korea. A cease-fire and demilitarize zone will end the **fighting**
| keep in mind this did not end the war only the fighting
36
Douglas McArthur
American military general who led the Korean War and was fired by Truman for not following orders.
37
38th parallel
This is the line that divides North Korea and South Korea (the Yalu River)
38
J. Edgar Hoover
He is the FBI director from 1924-1972. He was very powerful and had dirt on everybody
39
House Un-American Activites Committee (HUAC)
This is a permanent congressional committee the investigates communism in the US. It must be connected to Richard Nixon (very famous member of it). They tried to take out Hollywood because they thought it was being infiltrated by communists.
40
Julius and Ethel Rosenburg
Well known communists who executed for passing atomic secrets to the USSR.
41
Joseph McCarthy/McCarthyism/Army McCarthy Hearings
Senator from Wiscounsin who begins a politically paranoid and panicked attack on communism in America. He will finally lose support when he attacks the military
42
Mutally Assured Destruction (MAD)
Basically if you nuke me, I nuke you and we both blow the world up.
*Background* ➡*Russia now has nuclear weapons*
43
Fallout Shelters
A place for people to go and be safe from nukes.
44
22nd Amendment
Officially limits the president to only being president for two 4-year terms.
45
Billy Graham
As culture changes and as television increases religion rises along with it. Billy Graham is one of the first and most famous televangelists. He also had no scandals.
46
Rock'n'Roll/Elvis Presley
A new style of music and Elvis Presley is the most famous singer of Rock'n'Roll
47
Marilyn Monroe
Actress and one of the 1st major sex icons in the US. She had escapades with both JFK and his brother RFK.
48
Dwight D. Eisenhower
- He was the second president of the Cold War, 1953-1961, republican.
- He made a promise during candidacy that he woudl go to Korea if elected and he did
- Richard Nixon was his vice president
49
TV and the election of 1952
This is the first time that televison is influential in elections.
50
Checkers Speech
Richard Nixon was caught with something illegal and he delivered this speech and the public forgave him temporarily.
51
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi
CIA started a coup in Iran and placed their own leader in charge, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.
52
Geneva Conference
When Vietnam revolted against France (their colonial power), they will divide the country in 2: the northern communists and the southern capitalists.
53
17th parallel
This is the line that separates Vietnam into North (communists) and South (capitalists)
54
Brown v. Board of Education
This is a Supreme Court case where they will argue to end segregation in public schools. It will officially overturn Plessy v. Ferguson court case. It ruled that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.
55
Rosa Parks
She was a famous civil rights leader who is connected with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
56
Martin Luther King Jr.
1958-1968, He was known for **nonviolent** protest and his ability to write and speak. Arguably the most famous leader.
57
Federal/Interstate Highway Act 1956
- Created by Eisenhower as a way to connect and protect America.
- He modeled it after the "Autobahn" *which was created by the Germans to move their tanks.
- 42,000 miles of interstate
- Was created to connect the East and West America
58
Eisenhower Doctrine
- This pledges US military and economic aid to any nation being threatened with armed aggression by communism
- Essentially this continues the containment theory but this adds the military to it.
59
Domino Theory
If one country falls to communism, others will follow. (Connected to South East Asia)
60
Eisenhower's Domestic Policy
This was **dynamic conservationism**, meaning he is open with people but conservative with money.
61
Little Rock Incident
State of Arkansas will not integrate public schools and Eisenhower will send federal troops.
62
Nikita Khrushchev
- The leader of the USSR 1958-1964
- He is responsible for the Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
- He will de-Stalinize the USSR
- When Eisenhower wants open skies as a peace offering, Khrushchev will reject it
63
Sputnik
The USSR launches the 1st satellite into space which starts the space race.
64
National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
- The US wants highly trained individuals with a higher education to aid in the space race.
- They create the first federal student loan program as well as federal scholarships to encourage people to go to college.
- They also make advancements in education with better mathematics, science, and foreign language education.
65
1959
Alaska and Hawaii officially become states. the election of 1960 is the 1st election where all 50 states vote.
66
Fidel Castros
He will be the leader and bring Communism to Cuba
*US didn't know what to do here because of the containment doctrine but USSR had nothing to do with this*
67
Greensburo 4
- The most famous group of the sit-in peaceful protesters.
- They were from Greensburo North Carolina and there are four of them
- They are trying to integrate restaurants
68
U-2 Incident/Paris Conference
An American spy plane will be shut down over USSR territory, which will increase tensions.
69
Ernest Hemingway
He wrote "The Old Man and the Sea"
70
John Steinback
He wrote "East of Eden" and "Travels with Charlie"
71
Joseph Heller
He wrote "Catch-22" which creates the saying catch-22
72
Kurt Vonnegut Jr.
He wrote "Slaughterhouse-Five"
73
John Updike
He wrote "Rabbit, Run"
74
Tennessee Williams
He wrote "A Streetcar Named Desire" and "A Cat on a Hot Tin Roof"
75
Arthur Miller
He wrote "Death of a Salesman"
76
Ralph Ellison
He wrote "Invisible Man" (Ralph is black and he was writing about how black people were treated as though they were invisible)
77
William Faulkner
He wrote "The Sound of Fury" and "Light in August"
78
J.D. Salinger
He wrote "Catcher in the Rye"
79
Election of 1960
the two candidates were:
- Richard Nixon (republican)
- John Fitzgerald Kennedy (democrat)
*JFK wins and his vice president is Lyndon B. Johnson.*
**Concept of social media changes elections forever**
80
John F. Kennedy
- 1961-1963 democrat
- First Catholic to ever be elected
- Youngest to ever be elected
- His inaugural speech is the most famous in American history
- "Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country"
- Husband to Jackie Kennedy
- Created the New Frontier and started the Peace Corp.
81
Robert McNamara
- Secretary of defense that is famous for 2 things: **flexible response** ➡ America will create new military groups to meet the current needs: one of these new groups is called the **green berets**
82
New Frontier/Peace Corps
This is Kennedy's domestic and social program. The new frontier is space and peace corps is a program that that trains and deploys volunteers to provide international development assistance.
83
Détente
Starts with JFK but does not end with him and it means better relations with the USSR.
84
Robert F. Kennedy
Brother of JFK, appointed as attorney general. He will go after the mob and be a huge advocate for the civil rights movement. While giving a speech and running for president in 1968, he will be killed.
85
Bay of Pigs Invasion
US funded and armed Cuban exiles in a hope to overthrow Castro. It was unsuccessful and Castro will begin talks with the USSR.
86
Berlin Wall
- 1961-1989
- It is the physical and symbolic idea of the Cold War.
- 2 famous presidential speeches were given there: JFK ➡ **"I am a Berliner" speech** and Ronald Reagan ➡ **"Tear Down This Wall" speech**
87
Freedom Riders
A group of both black and white people who are protesting against segregation on public transportation/buses
88
James Meredith
- Begins to integrate post-secondary schools (colleges).
- He was the first African-American to attend the University of Mississippi.
89
Cuban Missile Crisis
- 13 days in **October** (also known as the October Crisis) when the US and USSR get as close to dropping nukes as there was.
- After an agreement, the US and Kennedy will win and the USSR will lose. The USSR will begin what's known as the **arms race**
- The USSR realizes that if they were to drop the nukes that they didn't have the military to defeat us so they are trying to build up their military
90
Yuri Gagarin
He is a Soviet and the 1st man in space
91
John Glenn
He is the 1st man to orbit Earth
92
Apollo Project
The capsule and mission to the moon.
93
Apollo 11
This is the 1st successful mission to the moon.
94
People on the moon
- **Neil Armstrong** was the first person to step foot on the moon
- **Buzz Aldrin** was the second person to step foot on the moon.
95
Birmingham, Alabama
- Arguably the most segregated city in America
- MLK will write one of the most famous writings in the Birmingham jail
96
Eugene Connor
- His actions take place in Birmingham, AL
- His nickname was the "Bull"
- He was responsible for using fire hoses and dogs on protesters and black people
97
George Wallace
He was the governor of Alabama and he believes in allowing segregation.
98
March on Washington
- 1963
- They are marching for jobs (and allowing equality in jobs)
- MLK gives the "I Have a Dream" speech, which will change the face of the civil rights movement
99
Betty Friedman
- Most famous feminist and connected to founding feminism. She was known as the Godmother to Feminism
100
Lee Harvey Oswald
- November of 1963
- In Dallas, Texas he will "shoot" and kill President Kennedy.
- Oswald is killed by a Mafia member (Jack Ruby) a few days after that
101
Lyndon B. Johnson
- 1963-1969 democrat
- **Former Senate Majority Leader**
- His wife was a very famous first lady and she was known as **Lady Bird Johnson**
- Gave the Johnson treatment (get closer and louder until you get what you want basically)
102
Civil Rights Act of 1964
One of the most important piece of law for blacks and it bans discrimination in public settings
103
Voting Rights Act of 1962
Outlaws literacy tests (don't have to prove education to vote), if discrimination is found the federal government can step in if needed.
104
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Helps to ban discrimination when it comes to jobs
105
"Great Society"
LBJ's programs to move America forward
106
War on Poverty
LBJ's goal to try and end poverty in America.
*AKA: the War that will Never War*
107
Department of Transportation/Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
New Cabinets Departments to help blacks and the poor
108
Medicare and Medicaid
It will help the poor and elderly with medical
109
Project Headstart
Helping with education (mostly preschool)
110
Election of 1964 Candidates
- Barry Goldwater (republican)
- Lyndon B. Johnson (democrat)
111
Election of 1964
Sees for the first time the influence of TV ads. The Daisy Ad that was ran by LBJ was very persuasive.
112
24th amendment
Outlaws poll taxes (no longer pay to vote)
113
Equal Rights Amendment
- It was asking for equality for women
- Passes both Houses of Congress
- Originally approved by enough states but before it becomes an amendment states will revoke their vote
- It will not pass
114
Malcom X
He is a famous black power leader who was assassinated by his own people (Nation of Islam)
115
Nation of Islam
Black Muslims who believe in segregation
116
Black Panthers
The most violent civil rights group
117
Vietnam War Dates
- 1955 ➡ The Vietnam War Begins
- 1964 ➡ US joins the war
- 1973 ➡ US leaves the war
- 1975 ➡ The Vietnam War Ends
118
Vietnam War Controversy
- The most controversial was in US history so far (Iraq is #1 now)
- It is controversial because of the draft
119
Ho Chi Minh
He is the founder of communism in North Vietnam. He was the leader until his death.
120
Vietcong
A group of rebellious South Vietnamese soldiers who believe in communism. They were aided by North Vietnam.
121
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- 1964
- US Battleship attacked by North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin.
- Because of this attack, the US enters the war
- Starts the downfall of the LBJ presidency
122
Napalm
New military weapon. A highly flammable and sticky substance used to destroy areas of plants so that enemy soldiers cannot hide.
123
Agent Orange
New chemical weapon. Chemical that permanently kills shrubs and trees that the enemy used as cover.
124
Where did the most draft protests happen?
Many draft protests happened at college campuses
125
The draft
Money plays a role in who gets drafted, poor are drafted more than the rich, and race also plays a role in who gets drafted.
126
Doves
A person who is in favor of leaving Vietnam
127
Hawkes
A person in favor of continuing military efforts in Vietnam
128
Operation Rolling Thunder
America begins to try and bomb their way to success in Vietnam
129
Six-Day War
Middle-East countries led by Egypt attack Israel, Israel will be at the crap out of them and win the war in 6 days. Israel wins back a lot of territory.
130
Tet Offense
The turning point in Vietnam War. After this battle, America realizes the war will be long and bloody, and the people will lose support
131
Election of 1968
Candidates: *(LBJ does not rerun)*
- RFK (leading democrat but gets assassinated)
- Richard Nixon (republican and winner)
- Hubert Humphrey (democrat)
- George Wallace (independent)
132
3 P's of 1960's
1. Youthful **Population** bulge (baby boom)
2. **Protest** against: Racism, Vietnam, & women
3. Apparent **Prosperity**
133
Stone Wall Inn/Riots
The 1st and beginning protest for the gay movement in America
134
Richard Nixon
1969-1974 republican, Rises to fame from the HUAC, VP under Eisenhower. He was the only president to ever resign.
135
Philadelphia Plan
It will help black federal employees and it will change **affirmative action** from people to groups
136
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
An agency to help and protect the environment.
137
Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)
Created to protect and help workers
138
Clean Air Act of 1970 & Endangered Species Act of 1970
It protects nature and animals
139
Nixon Doctrine
Nixon does a good job with détente (better relations with USSR)
140
Vietnamesation
The US withdraws troops from Vietnam
141
Ping Pong Diplomacy
- Better relations with China
- Nixon is the first sitting president to go to China
142
Kent State Massacre
National guard killed 4 college protestors
143
26th amendment
- Changed the voting age from 21 to 18
- Because "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote"
144
Pentagon Papers
Leaked information posted in newspapers that shows the government/president are not always truthful
145
Title 9/ix
It prohibits discrimination based on sex, usually found within education
146
War Powers Act
The president can send troops for a certain number of days before congressional approval
147
Paris Peace Accords
1973, America will end involvement in Vietnam
148
Henry Kissinger
National Security advisor and helped shape cold war policies
149
SALT/SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Limited the amount and range of weapons
150
Earl Warren
Liberal Judge, court case of **Miranda Warning/Rights** (allowed arrested individuals to stay silent)
151
Warren Burger
Conservative, court case of **Roe V. Wade** (legalize abortion)
152
Executive Priviledge
Nixon argued the president and his staff don't have to give testimony for classified information
153
Resignations
Nixon's VP will resign, Nixon appoints another VP and Nixon himself resigns.
154
Gerald Ford
- 1974-1977 republican
- The only president to never be election and the only president to take over when there was no death.
- He fully pardoned Nixon and granted amnesty to draft dodgers.
- Helsinki Accords
155
Helsinki Accords
We will recognize the USSR's boundaries in exchange for human rights as long as the USSR guarantees rights to their people the US will accept their boundaries.
156
Election of 1976
Candidates:
- Gerald Ford (republican)
- Jimmy Carter (democrat and winner)
157
Jimmy Carter
1977-1981 democrat, former Georgia Governor. 2 reason why he won:
1. He promised to never lie to America
2. He is a Washington outsider
158
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Final straw to end Carter's presidency in which American troop are held hostage by Iranian troops and Jimmy Carter cannot get them out.
159
Draft Dodgers
They dodged the draft by burning their cards, not showing up, leaving the country, or maiming them elf.
160
What was Jimmy Carter's good foreign affair?
Jimmy Carter got Israel and Egypt to sign the Camp David accord.
161
Election of 1980
Candidates:
- Jimmy Carter (democrat)
- Edward "Ted" Kennedy (democrat hopeful who has to drop out because he killed someone in a car crash)
- Ronald Reagan (republican and winner)
162
Ronald Reagan
- Top 10 president
- 1981-1989 republican
- former actor and governor of California
- Returns to conservatism
- Wins both his terms in a landslide
- **He dislikes big government**
- He was a hard liner for the USSR
163
End to Iranian Hostage Affair
Ronald Reagan brings an end to the Iranian hostage crisis (basically what Carter cannot do Reagan can)
164
Attempted Assassination
- Ronald Reagan had an attempted assassination by John Hinckley Jr. who shot and wounded Reagan
- This increases Reagan's popularity
- Reagan will recover quickly
165
Reaganomics
- AKA the "trickle down economy"
- if you give money to the wealthy or big business they will then give it to the people who need it
166
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
- AKA the Star Wars program
- Where the government wants to weaponize satellites
167
Iran-Contra Affair
Reagan's major presidential scandal where we exchanged weapons for terrorists/non-American countries in exchange for hostages. Reagan survives because he comes forward and apologizes.
168
Election of 1984
Candidates:
- Ronald Reagan (republican & wins by a landslide) his VP was George H. W. Bush
- Walter Mondale (democrat) his VP was Geraldine Ferraro
*During the debate Ronald Reagan makes a joke about his age that wins him the election*
169
Geraldine Ferraro
In the election of 1984 she was running for VP with Walter Mondale and she was the 1st woman on a major ticket
170
Sandra Day O'Connor
She was the first female supreme court justice
171
Webster vs. Reproductive Rights
begins to limit abortion by allowing states to have say
172
Election of 1989
Candidates:
- George H. W. Bush (republican and winner)
- Michael Dukakis (democrat main guy)
- Gary Hart (democrat that drops because of sex scandal)
- Jesse Jackon (democrat that tried to get a rainbow coalition which fails)
173
1989
The Berlin Wall falls beginning the be the physical collapse of the Soviet Union
174
George H. W. Bush
- 1989-1992 republican
- He is president when the Cold War will officially end
175
Mikhail Gorbachev
Final leader of the Soviet Union form 1985-1991
176
Boris Yeltsin
1st president of the Russian Federation or New Russia
177
1991
3 things:
**1.** USSR will fall
**2.** America will be the only world super power
**3.** Bush will call for a "new world order" where democracy will reign and Diplomacy would replace weapons
