Chapters 31-35 Flashcards
What does the 18th Amendment prohibit?
- It prohibits the sale of alcohol
- It prohibits the manufacturing of alcohol
- It prohibits the distribution of alcohol
But they DO NOT ban the consumption of alcohol
Racketeers
These are the groups or organizations that do illegal activities.
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti/Sacco-Vanzetti Case
- They were convicted of robbery and murder and sentenced to death.
- They were believed to be anarchists.
- They were also not given a fair trial as they were almost always going to be convicted regardless
- It represents how America is afraid of immigrants and doesn’t always treat them fairly.
Al Capone
- He is the most famous gangster in American History
- He runs the city of Chicago
- He is taken down because of tax evasion instead of his more heavier crimes of bootlegging and prostitution
- He spends his jail time in Alcatraz where he is a model citizen until he contracts syphilis and dies
Speakeasies
They are illegal or underground secret bars that begin to pop up
Bootlegging
- This is the illegal production and distribution of alcohol
- Called bootlegging because of how pirates used to put/hide alcohol in their peg legs.
Ku Klux Klan
- It’s a white terrorist group that originally went after blacks after the Civil War, and they will change to going after immigrants during the 1920’s.
- They are now against anyone and anything that doesn’t believe the same way they do.
Hiram Evans
- He is a major leader of the KKK during this time
- His title was the Grand Imperial Wizard
General Intelligence Division
- They help to hunt down communism using Palmer raids.
- They eventually become the FBI
21st Amendment (1933)
- This ends the prohibition
- It will repeal the 18th amendment and now make alcohol legal once again
A. Mitchell Palmer
He is a government official who is responsible for hunting communism.
United States President 1921-1923
- Warren Harding and he did not complete his term because he died of a heart attack. He was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.
- He was a republican
United States President 1923-1929
- Calvin Coolidge served from 1923-1929. Started due to Harding’s death and then became president in his own right.
- He was a republican
United States President 1929-1932
- Herbert Hoover served from 1929-1932. He served one term.
- He was a republican
United States President 1945-1953
- Harry Truman was president from 1945-1953
- He was a democrat
United States President 1933-1945
- Franklin D. Roosevelt was president from 1933-1945 and he was the first and last president to serve 4 terms
- He was a democrat
What sport came about because of bootlegging and why?
- NASCAR
- Bootleggers had to pump up their cars to escape from cops
Andrew Mellon
He is the secretary of treasury whose ideas led to an economic boom but left unchecked will also lead to the Great Depression.
Fordism
An economic system based on mass production and mass consumption. Created by Henry Ford and his Ford Motor Company, which developed an assembly line system
Henry Ford
- He prefects the assembly line
- He will expand the car industry
What city will be propped up and become a big motor city?
Detroit which is a city in Michigan
Model T (automobile industry)
This is the first affordable car in American history
Flappers
- A 1920s woman who began to use fashion as their way of freedom.
- They had shorter everything; hair, necklines, dresses…
New Morality
As men come back from WW1 and women have begun to have more freedom, the youth begin to challenge the old way of doing things.
Babe Ruth
He is always connected with baseball
Jack Dempsey
He is always connected with boxing
Bobby Jones
He is always connected with golf
Charlie Chaplin
He will be one of, if not the must, famous actor of this time period.
Hollywood
It will become the center of movies and celebrities.
Gugliclmo Marconi and the Radio
- Gugliclmo Marconi invented the radio
- It will create instantaneous new and the beginning of mass media
- newspapers and magazine also create mass media but they are not fast
- Usually if you didn’t have a radio someone near you did and would usually let you listen in to some of the important news.
Bible Belt
- Takes place in most of the South, and it is basically the southeast part of the United States (Tennessee and below)
Fundamentalism
This is where America wants to go back to where they were focused on religion.
Modernists
This is where they are moving forwards into science and technology
What is the main argument between the modernists and fundamentalists?
- They argue about evolution vs creation.
- They argue whether or not it should be taught in schools (Scopes Monkey Trial)
The Scopes Monkey Trial
- It takes place in Tennessee.
- It is a clash between evolution and creationism.
- The trial proved inconclusive.
- Creationism will continue to be taught but evolution will start to make waves.
John T. Scopes
- He is the teacher who taught evolution and was put on trial.
- Scopes was ultimately found guilty and was fined/charged $100
Clarence Darrow
- He is the criminal lawyer who is defending evolution & John T. Scopes.
- He absolutely smokes William Jennings Bryan during this trial.
William Jennings Bryan
- He was the lawyer who was against evolution and for creationism
- He was made to look like a fool during the trial by the opposing lawyer, Clarence Darrow
- He dies shortly after this trial
F. Scott Fitzgerald
- He became an overnight success with his book “This Side of Paradise (it became a hit with the youth
- His success continues with his book “The Great Gatsby (←must know for test)
Ernest Hemingway
- He is an author who writes about his experience during WW1
- His books are “The Sun Also Rises” and “A Farewell to Arms”
William Faulkner
- He is an author
- He wrote numerous novels, screenplays, poems, and short stories.
T. S. Elliot
- He is the most famous poet at this time
Frank Lloyd Wright
- He is the most famous architect of this period
- He begins to make architecture into an art and makes all of his buildings unique
- He helped advance the theory that buildings should grow from their sites and use local materials
Advertising
As companies grow, they need consumers to know about their product.
Empire State Building
It was built in the 1930’s and is 102 stories tall
Credit
Items are more expensive so people begin installment plans
Red Scare
People become worried that communism in America will spread because of immigrants
Stock Market & Buying on Margin
- The stock market become an intensifying gambling den and everyone was buying stocks on margin
- The idea of boom or bust shot up the stock market with “never sell America short” mentality
Volstead Act
- It was also know as the National Prohibition Act, and it was a law that prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and possession of alcohol in the United States.
- Basically enforced the 18th amendment
Warren G. Harding
- He was the president from 1921-1923 (republican)
- He was well liked but a top 5 worst presdient and there were several scandals during his presidency
- He died before he could clean up his act
- He appointed Taft as Chief Court Justice
Ohio Gang
- Warren G. Harding appointed his friends into high political positions and they create scandals for him
- They are called the Ohio Gang because he is from Ohio
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court invalidated a board established by Congress to set minimum wages for women workers
min wages unconstitutional bec. interfered with the freedom to contract.
Washington “Disarment” Conference
Was a plan that kept a 5:5:3 ratio of ships that could be held by the US, Britain, and Japan (in that order). This surprised many delegates at the conference (notably, the Soviet Union, which was not recognized by the US, was not invited and did not attend.
Basically the whole idea of this was to make sure that there wasn’t another war (good idea but it was unsuccessful)
What countries did the US try to keep at bay with the Washington Disarment Conference?
- The Japanese because they’ll take China
- The Soviet Union because they’ll spread communinsm
- Germany because of WW1 (rightfully so because soon Hitler will rise)
Five-Power Naval Treaty
Washington “Disarment” Conference
It embodied Hughes’s ideas on ships ratios, but only after the Japanese received compensation.
Four-Power Treaty
Washington “Disarment” Conference
It bound Britain, Japan, France, and the US to needing to consult one another before taking action in the Pacific territories. With the hopes that this would prevent some conflict
Nine-Power Treaty
Washington “Disarment” Conference
Despite all this apparent action, there were no limits placed on small ships and Congress only approved the Four-Power Treaty on the condition that the US was not bound, thus effectively rendering that treaty useless. This treaty involved the previous four powers plus Belgium, China, Netherlands, and Portugal, and it reaffirmed China’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, while also requiring all signatories to respect China’s political independence.
Veteran’s Bureau
In 1921 Warren G. Harding will create the Veterans Bureau (which is a good thing)
Is was responsible for administering benefit programs for veterans, their families, and their survivors.
Teapot Dome Scandal
- The most famous scandal in presidential history until Watergate that saw public land sold to private investors and politicians received money for it.
- It was the secret leasing of federal oil reserves in California, and Wyoming, by Albert Fall. Albert Fall had gottem as much as $400,000 in bribes
Albert B. Fall
Albert Bacon Fall—TEEHEE his middle name is bacon! 🥓😂
- He was the politician who is responsible for the Teapot-Dome scandal
- Received as much as $400,000 in bribes
- He was the first cabinet member to be imprisoned for crimes committed while in office.
Dawes Plan
- This is named after Charles Dawes.
- It’s an idea to help Germany repay its war debt.
- The idea is that by taking loans from American investors and banks.
- Germany will take that money and pay Britain and France, Britain and France then pay off the US.
- Everyone ends up sitting pretty except the US who got screwed over.
Calvin Coolidge
- 1923-1929 presdient (republican)
- He is a moral, religious, and quiet man
- His idea is that business should thrive and the government should keep their hands off
- This will thrive in the ’20s but when left uncheckeed it will help lead to the Great Depression.
His slogan for president was “Keep cool with Coolidge”
Harry M. Daugherty and Charles R. Forbes
They were two other politicians that were caught in their own scandal.
Harry Daugherty→He was the attorney General who had the scandal of selling illegal liquor pardons and permits.
Charles Forbes→Veteran’s Bureau Scandal
Frederick Taylor
He wants to use science and technology in the business world
Margaret Sanger
- She is always connected with birth control/contraceptives movement
Harlem Renaissance
During the 1920s this brought international fame to black Americans especially in art and literature
Langston Hughes
- Arguably the most famous black author during this time
Marcus Garvey
- He creates the idea of negro nationalism (which is black pride/unity)
- He will argue that if America wants to spearate blacks and whites than blacks will leave the county and start their own nation
- He started the United Negro Improvement Association
Jazz
An American style music that was created at this time by black Americans.
Blues
The main difference between jazz and blues is that blues are more somber as they have more of a religious background.
Duke Ellington
The most famous band musician at this time.
Louis Armstrong
The most famous musician for blacks at this time.
Cotton Club
The major black club that if you make it there then you’re famous.
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers of the International Workers of the World (IWW) (Wobblies), were special targets.
The American Plan
A business oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an “open shop” in contrast to the manadatory union membership through the “closed shop” that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War 1.
United Negro Improvement Association
(UNIA)
A black nationalist orgaization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvery in order to promote resettlement African Americans to their “African homeland” and to simulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.
Herbert Hoover
- 1929-1933 republican president
- He is blamed for the Great Depression since it happened under his watch and becaudse of it he is one the top ten worst presidents
- During this election some of the South actually voted republican because they were happy with the economy
- Social media begins to take a charge in Hoover’s election with cameras and how the filmed the inauguration
- He was very indecisive so when he finally makes a decision it is too late
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
- It is a cause of the Great Depression
- It will significantly raise the tariff (60%)
- It fractures our relationship with foreign nations
- It was a bad policy at the wrong time
- Happened in 1930
Bear and Bull Market
- A bear market goes down and a bull market goes up
- There’s a bull in front of Wallstreet which is partly the reason for bull being good
It is based on the animal’s method of attack a bear will strike down with its claw and a bull will stike up with its horns
Black Tuesday
The day the stock market crashed
- The day the stock market crashed, October 29, 1929
- This brings us closer to the Great Depression
- This will only affect the wealthy
- Lost between $10-15 billion
Buying on Margin
Investors are buying stock at lower prices to sell when they are higher
They’re also buying with money they don’t have
Speculation
This is when invesors try to predict the price of a stock without doing any research
What gets us in trouble and causes the stock market to crash?
Margin does not get us into trouble, speculation does
Reason #1 for the Great Depression
The Stock Market Crashed
- On its own America would have been able to recover but all combined…
- This only affects the wealthy
- Lost between $10-15 Billion
- Buying on margin and speculation also contributed quite a bit
- By the late ‘20s pople have invested as much as they can and the poor can’t invest
- Some people thought that maybe the stock market isn’t the best idea and pull all their money out and cause the market to crash
Reason #2 for the Great Depression
Banks will weaken and unfortunately close
- One of the main groups that invests in the stock market is banks
- At this time banks were not backed by the Federal government so when they run out of money they have to close
-Whatever bank your money is in, is the only bank that can give your money back
- Starts bank runs where the people will run to the banks to try to get their money back
Reason #3 for the Great Depression
Overproduction, Low Demand, And Unequal Distribution Of Wealth
- Businesses in America are overproducing
- Companies are still trying to produce at the same price and quantity
- The wages of workers are not increasing and since the workers cannot afford items there is a rise of credit and installment
- When the stock market crashes and the banks run out of money, the workers cannot pay off their loans and they get revoked
- Some of the farmers are affected by this because some of their farms are on credit
Reason #4 for the Great Depression
We Lose Our Ability To Sell Overseas
- Banks do not lend to foreign nations at this time
1. America did not have money to lend at this time
2. They weren’t backed by the government so they were scared they wouldn’t get their money back
- The Hawley-Smoot Tariff made it so we could not trade with foreign nations
Reason #5 for the Great Depression
The Bad Policy of the Federal Reserve
- The federal reserve, which was an angency created to prevent this, made a mistake
Hoovervilles/Shantytowns
- They were shantytowns and began to be called hoovervilles to make fun of the president
- A place built by homeless people using whatever reasources they could find (typically cardboard, earth, newspapers…)
- They were usually located next to trains and factories where they would work until the factory closed then hop the train and move to another factory where they would set up another shantytown
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
RFC
- It is an organization that was created by congress and approved by the president, and it will make loans to different businesses and organizations
- Unfortunately for Hoover and the country it came about too late to make a difference
Bonus Army/Bonus March
- WW1 veterans who were promised money by the government marched to DC in hopes of getting that money
- They were not successful and some of them were killed by the US Army
Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
- Secretary of State, Stimson, will say that the USA will not recognize territory that is taken by force
- The main reason was because Japan is trying to take China so we put pressure on Japan
- This will also lead straight to WW2
Hoover Dam
- Public works project that was meant to help people get a job and be paid by the government
- It will be a good idea but it comes too late to stop the Great Depression
- Dams up the Colorado River
- Can now provide water and electricity to Southwest US
- Leads to the Rise of Las Vegas
Dust Bowl
In the mid 1930s, the farmers in the midwest will see a freak natural disaster combined with bad farming techniques that will destroy crops and farmlands for many years.
Hunger Marches/Farmers Revolt
- People began to protest and riot because of food shortages
- Farmers began to destroy crops in hopes that the prices would go up and the government would intervene
- Drastic times call for drastic measures so to speak
- Hunger marches will be taken over by the communist party
Good Neighbor Policy
The US will have better relations with Latin America under Hoover
Dorthea Lange
- She gets paid by the government to take pictures of the Depression
- She will take the pricture that defines the era The Migrant Mother
What is the name of the famous photograph taken by Dorthea Lange that defines this era?
The Migrant Mother
Breadlines and Soup Kitchens
- A place where people could get a free hot meal
- Soup was used becuase they could easily water it down to make more
- Bread was used because it was cheaply made (until the dust bowl)
Hobos
They are homeless people who travel from place to place.
Okie
Midwestern farmers who left their land and mainly moved west toward California.
Movies and the Depression
An entertainment that provided an escape for people at this time.
What is the name of the painting that define the dust bowl era?
The American Gothic
How many people were unemployed thanks to the Great Depression?
25% unemployment
What did people want during the Great Depression?
People did not want a handout, they wanted to work
What countries do we have better relations with?
Latin America
What was Hoover’s biggest mistake?
He was too indecivsive and waited way too late to make a decision and try to stop the depression.
What board game was created during the Great Depression?
Monopoly
What is Brother can you spare a dime?
- It was a song that became the anthem of the Great Depression
- It shows how desperate people were ebcause they were only asking for a dime ad not a lot of money
- In this song the person has helped build the railroad, build skyscrapers, and fought in WW1 and they are asking the government to help them out.
What song became the Anthem of the Great Depression?
Brother Can You Spare a Dime
Douglas MacArthur and the Bonus Army
- He was under orders from Hoover to move the veterans out of the government buildings but he took that as get rid of them
- He exceeded the orders brutally and ultimately Hoover was blamed for it
- The army even began using tear gas and bayonets to drive them away, and torched their belongings and shelters
Radio and the Depression
- Offered entertainment on a more personal, everyday level that helped create a new sense of community for those who listened.
- President Franklin Roosevelt communicated with the public on a frequent basis with his Fireside Chats
During the election of 1932 what group changed their vote to democrat and it hasn’t really changed since?
African Americans changed their vote from republican to democrat
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FDR
- 1933-1945 democrat president
- The only president to serve more than 2 terms and he actually was into his 4th when he died
- Basically a career politician
- He will contract polio in the early 1920s and it will define who he is and FDR will redefine the country
He is famous for saying many things but one of them was at his first inaugural address where he says, “The only thing we hae to fear is fear itself”
Eleanor Roosevelt
- She was the first lady to FDR, aka FDR’s wife
- She will redefine the role of a spouse and a first lady
- First ladies now have a policy or issue that they will work on/towards
Frances Perkins
- She is the first female cabinet member
- She was the secretary of labor
Who was the first female cabinet member and what was she the secretary of?
Frances Perkins and she was the secretary of labor
What are the three R’s of the New Deal and what do they do?
- Relief→immediate action to stop the bleeding (the economy)
- Recovery→permanent programs that will change in area
- Reform→temporary programs to restart the economy
What policies were created under the relief category of the New Deal?
- Bank Holiday
- Emergency Banking Act
- Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
- Civil Works Administration (CWA)
- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
You’ll need to know what all of these mean but they’re on spearate cards
What policies were created under the recovery category of the New Deal?
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
- National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
- Home Owners Loan Corp.
- Works progress Administration (WPA)
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
You’ll need to know what all of these mean but they’re on spearate cards
What policies were created under the reform category of the New Deal?
- Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
- Social Securiy Administration
- National Labor Relations Act and National Labor Relations Board (NLRA/NLRB)
- Soil Conservation Act
Definitions on separate cards
Fireside Chats
- FDR was one of the first presidents to effectively communicate with the public on a frequent basis
- He used the radio to have these fireside chats
Brain Trusts
This is FDR’s advisors who are on both sides of the political spectrum.
Hundred Days
Starting with FDR, presidents have been given a blank check during their first 100 days in office.
New Deal
- Roosevelt’s policies and laws passed by Congress to help America out of the Depression
- This doesn’t get us out of the depression but people are happy that he is trying
Emergency Banking Relief Act/Bank Holiday
This will temporarily close the banks until they can fix them.
Relief Category
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
It is the law that will create the reform to reopen which he can do because of the FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Guarantees bank deposits up to a certain amount of money.
Reform Category
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Paid individuals (mostly men) to work in conservation areas (bascially paid them to go plant trees)
Relief Category
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
- It helps farmers with crops and foreclosures.
- One of the things they do is pay farmers to not grow certain crops because of supply and demand
- Eventually it will be deemed unconstitutional and doesn’t do very much but it does help some farmers
Recovery Category
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Will create government jobs for people to build whatever the government needs (ex. roads, schools, etc…)
Recovery Category
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
- It was an agency created to help business, labor, and government, to cooperate together.
- This doesn’t really work and it was deemed unconstitutional in 1935
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Will create government jobs for people to build whatever the government needs (ex. roads, schools, etc…)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Is an agency created to regulate the stock market and help prevent fraud.
Reform Category
Eugenics
- Deals with the improvement of hereditary qualities of a race or breed, also known as race science.
- The KKK believed in eugenics and that the best people were white protestants from Northern Europe.
- Adolf Hitler also believed in eugenics
Father Charles Coughlin
- He is more of a socialist
- The 2 things he wants to do it:
1. He wants to tax the rich
2. He wants to take the banks under the government
Francis E. Townsend
He believes that elderly should recieve pensions
Huey P. (“Kingfish”) Long
He is one of Roosevelt’s political opponents who believes in taking wealth from the rich and redistributing it aka socialism
Liberty League
They are a right wing group who feels like Roosevelt and the government have too much power and too many steps to help with the Great Depression
20th Amendment
- It will become known as the Lame Duck Amendment (because a lame duck can’t fly)
- It will change political terms from March to January
What is the nickname of the 20th Amendment?
The lame duck Amendment
21st Amendment
It will repeal and allow alcohol in America, and they do it because of taxes in the Great Depression.
Hatch Act
Will not allow certain federal officials from participating in certain political campaigns.
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Will create government jobs for people to build whatever the government needs (ex. roads, schools, etc…)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Is in the Southern United States, specifically Tennessee, and it will bring electricity and industry to the southern states and extremely poor areas. They built dams for hydroelectric power.
Social Security Adminsitration
- It is a socialist policy, which is unique for capitalism
- Our government will provide for individuals who cannot help themselves
- It was suppposed to be temperary but it is still something that we struggle with today.
What are the 4 things the Social Security Adminstration do?
- Created an unemployment system
- Created disability insurance
- Created child welfare benefits
- Created elderly benefits
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
- It will partner with the TVA to bring electricity to rural areas
- Arguably the top three most important New Deal Policies
Schechter vs United States/ “Sick Chicken” Case
Supreme court rules/decides that Congress cannot delegate or give its law making powers to the president, a lot of New Deal policies are about to be found Unconstitutional (since Congress didn’t start them), Roosevelt gets anxious and begins to create more policies.
During the election of 1936 what group changed their vote to democrat?
Middle class workers and unions started voting democrat.
What does FDR do to our debt?
- FDR will create the most US debt compared to any other president.
- This is mostly because he had to pull us out of the Great Depression and WW2 during his precidency
Rugged Individualism
It’s Hoover’s idea that strong independment people (men) built America.
Robert F. Wagner
- He creates the Wagner Act.
- He is also on the city planning committee
Wagner Act
The two things the Wagner Act does are:
1. Allows workers to organize into unions
2. Allows them to collective bargiain/contact works with their owners on getting things doen and the government doesn’t have to get involved
Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)
- It is going to work towards and begin to organize unions
- John L. Lewis is the leader of this group
Who is the leader of the CIO (congress of industrial organizations)?
John L. Lewis
Court-packing plan
- Roosevelt felt politically invincible and when some of his policies are thretened he decides to try an add more justices to the Supreme Court so they will side with him.
- This is a politically disasterous move and both parties are very upset.
Keynesianism
John Maynard Keynes will create a new economic style where governments in a depression need to spend their way out of it.
Who created Keynesianism?
John Maynard Keynes
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
The government provides home loans for people.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
This is when the government provides housing for the less fortunate.
Federal Emergency Relief Act
For the first time in history the government gives money directly to citizens
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
- For the first time in history the government gives money directly to citizens
- Harry Hopkins is the leader of this
Who is the leader of the FERA (federal emergency relief adminsitration)
Harry Hopkins
How did the Wagner Act end communism?
Because Charles Marx (communism dude) never thought that a capitalisitic government would be able to comprimise and have their workers able to bargain with their employers
Axis Powers
- They became official in 1940 when Japan joined.
- They are on the losing side of the war
- The three major countries are Japan, Italy and Germany
What did the Axis Powers want?
- Germany ➡️ They wanted to regain their territory they lost during WW1
- Italy ➡️ They wanted to regain the Roman Empire
- Japan ➡️ They wanted China
- Collectively they all wanted to eliminate communism.
Germany and Adolf Hitler
- Adolf Hitler was the Leader of the Nazi party, he will become the prime minister in 1933 (they put him into power)
- Through a series of events he will become dictator in 1934 and rule Germany until his death.
- He called himselfs the fuhrer which means leader.
Nazi Party
- (National Socialist German Workers’ Party)
- They started in 1919 right after WW1
- They believe in extreme nationalism and they want to control all of the industry.
- Their majory idiology was the superiority of race and they called it the Aryan race.
Italy and Benito Mussolini
- Benito Mussolini is the leader of Italy (prime minister)
- He helped create the idea of Facisim.
- He will be one of the first people to take out the old monarchy and put in place a dictatorship.
- He took power away from the Mafia and they leave and come to US.
- The Italian government will take him out but Hitler will put him back in power.
Fascism
- It is a one party agressive nationalism in which the nation is more important than the individual.
- This way the it doesn’t matter if your’e rich or poor you all follow the government
- This is a new style of government that will influence Hitler
Spain and Francesco Franco
- Francesco Franco is a former military general who revolted and is now the leader of Spain
- They are technically nuetral on paper but he was helped by and is a puppet of Hitler
Japan and Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo will be the major military general in WW2
Japan and Emperor Hirohito
Hirohito will be the major government leader for Japan in WW2. They worship and look up to him and he does whatever he wants.
Militarism
- When the nation is run by the military it is called militarism
- In Japan they had leaders but anytime that anything would happen the military would rise up, put someone else into power, and then go away
Allied Powers
The five major Countries were:
1. Great Britain
2. France (in 1940 they los Paris to Germany and were conquered)
3. USA (1941 now joins war)
4. Russia (1941 now joins war)
5. China (1941 now joins war)
Soviet Union (USSR) and Joseph Stalin
- Soviet Union will be led by Joseph Stalin
- His name means man of steel
- It is estimated that he killed about 3-6 million people and a lot of them were his own people.
- The Soviet Union is a communist Nation.
What were the dates of WW2
September 1939-August 1945
War in Europe ends in May
What is the difference between fascism and nazism?
Fascism beleives in the nation while nazism believes in the race.
What were the presidents involved in WW2?
FDR and Harry Truman
What are the different Belts of the United states?
- North ➡️ Rust Belt
- South ➡️ Bible Belt
- West ➡️ Sun Belt
How many people died during the Holocaust?
6 million Jews and 5 million other people, so 11 million total
Segregation in the Army
The amry was still segregated through the end of the war and then they deegregate in 1948.
How was WW2 funded in the United States?
We funded the war through victory bonds so the war was funded by Americans.
London Economic Conferece
- 1933
- This world meeting was to dicuss solutions for the depression
- Takes place in London
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937
There are 3 things that come from this:
- They are going to confirm that US is neutral and make it illegal for America to sell war weapons to coutries at war
- Those countries can buy supplies on a cash-and-carry basis
- This gives the president more power
Rome-Berlin Axis
This is the treaty between Italy and Germany that will put them on the same side of the war.
Quarantine Speech
- 1937
- FDR calls for an embargo/boycott of the country of Japan
Appeasement
- They were still in the shadow of WW1 and the coutries thought that they could avoid more bloodshed by giving Hitler what he wants
- This is one of the biggest blunders in history
- People assumed that the Nazi’s would be interested in peace once they got more territory.
Munich Conference
- This will take place in 1938
- They meet in Munich
- The countries that met were: Germany, Britain, France, and Italy
- They decide what will happen to Czechoslavakia
- They ended up deciding to give Hitler a piece of it but he will take the whole thing
Totalitarianism
When a dictator controls a government
Isolationism
Stay at home instead of going abroad
Hitler-Stalin Pact
Happened in 1939, where Germany and the USSR signed an agreement to not attack each other for the next ten years.
Russo-German Non-Agression Pact
Happened in 1939, where Germany and the USSR signed an agreement to not attack each other for the next ten years.
Phony War
When France is waiting to be attacked and it never happens
America First Committee
This group believed that America should have ZERO intervention in the European war.
Lend-Lease Act
In 1940, it will make the cash and carry obsolete, the US will now supply military weapons to any country who is defending democracy or the US. Aka we’re giving money to Britain. By the time the war is over most of our money is spent and it was alomst $700 Billion. Roosevelt called America the Great Arsenal of Democracy.
What did Roosevelt call America/say we should be?
The Great Arsenal of Democracy
Rationing
Americans at home were only allowed a certain aount of each item per each item.
War Production Board (WPB/WW2)
- They realize how effective it was during WW1 so Roosevelt reinstituted it.
- It is used to prioritize war materials producing and using raw materials for factories.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Regulated prices so goods can be made.
WAAC’s (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps)
- For the first time in history women can enlist in the military
- They don’t fight on the front lines and mostly work as nurses or secretaries
Navajo Code Talkers
- A Native American tribe whose language was used as code during WW2.
- Their code was never broken.
A. Phillip Randolph
He is an advocate and helper for black workers
Japanese Americans and Internment Camps
Around 120,000 Japanese–77,000 American citizens– were rounded up ad sent to 10 internment camps located around America
Kormatsu vs. United States
Supreme Court ruled relocation constitutional because it was not based on race, but on “military urgency”
Rosie the Riveter
- It is going to be an iconic female image about strength and freedom
- Women worked in the factories but most will return to the home after WW2
The bold is a must know for the test
Sunbelt
This is the Southwest United States, mostly California. Migration begins to move that way.
Tehran Conference
- Tehran is in Iran
- It is the first meeting of the big three: Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt.
- Stalin would launch a full scale invasion when we invaded France.
- It will break up Germany after the war.
- The USSR will help us defeat Japan after Germany was defeated
Tuskegee Airmen
- The most well known fighting force
- They were apart of the air force
What was the VV or double V?
Black Americans were hoping fro two victories: victory abroad against Hitler and a second one at home against racism
What was the second great migration for black people?
Blacks are moving into the cities for work and this time it will stick.
Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms
Britain and the USA stand for these four things:
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of worship
- Freedom from want
- Freedom from fear
Kristallnacht
- 1938
- It means the night of broken glass
- The Nazis will begi to significantly increase their vilence towards Jewish people.
Nuremburg Laws
- 1935
- The Nazis will officially and lawfully exclude the Jewish people
- The Jews are beginning to have to wear the star of David and have papers
- The Jews are not allowed to get married or have children
Gestapo/SS
- These two groups are responsible for rounding up, persucuting, and running concentration camps for the Jewish people.
- The Gestapo are secret police who find out who are Jews and then hunting them down.
- The SS are bad news, and they are like navy seals.
Wannasse Conference and the Final Solution
- In 1942, the Nazis decided to completely exterminate the Jewish population
- This is when they begin to round up Jews and mass exterminate as many as they could.
Concentration Camps
A concentration camp is a place where people will go to work, they are basically work camps.
Extermination Camps
An extermination camps is a place set up to kill as many people as possible. basically people were sent there to die.
USA and Franklin Roosevelt
American president from 1933-1945 and basically saw almost the full war
USA and Harry Truman
- April-August 1945
- He is a democrat
- He will see the end of war in Europe
- He drops two atomic bombs to negotiate the end of war in japan.
- He was the vice president of Roosevelt and became president when he dies.
Great Britain and Neville Chamberlin
- Neville Chamberlin is the Prime Minsiter of Great Britain at the beginning of WW2
- Because he tries to appease Hitler he is not the Prime Minister for very long
Douglas MacArthur
He is the leader of the US army in the Pacific (WW2)
Chester Nimitz
He is the leader of the US Navy in the Pacific
Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower
- He is a United States 5 star General
- He is the leader of the allied forces.
- They call him the supreme commander
- He is a future president
- He will be the commanding General during D-Day
Heinrich Himmler
- Arguably the second most powerful person in the Nazi party
- He was the military leader of the SS and Gestapo who helped with the Holocaust
George Patton
- Nickname is Old Blood and Guts
- He is arguably the best General in all of Europe
- Connected with tanks and tank warfare
What is George Patton’s nickname?
His nickname is Old Blood and Guts
James Doolittle and the Doolittle Raid
He was the leader of a secret raid to drop bombs on Japan
Bernard Montgomery
- Britain Feild Marshall
- “Monty” was his nickname
- One of the most famous British Generals
Erwin Rommel
- He is arguably the best Nazi General
- He is usually connected with tank war fare
- He will be the German General defending during D-Day
What two opposing Generals connected with tank warfare?
- General Erwin Rommel (Nazi)
- General George Patton (USA)
Adolf Eichmann
A SS leader who organized the Holocaust and Final Solution for the Nazi Party.
Herman Goring
Nazi political leader and military leader of the German Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe is the German word for air force
Joseph Goebbels
Nazi Party official who was the minister of propoganda
Josef Mengele
Nazi doctor at Auschwitiz who conducted medical experiments on people; “Angel of Death”
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
He is the Japanese Admiral (the leader of the naval) who is responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Blitzkrieg of Poland
- September 1, 1939
- Germany will invade Poland and start WW2
- Poland was also still using horsepower so didn’t last for very long
Blitzkrieg of France
- May-June 1940 Hitler will invade France
- Hitlers wins the battle and sets up his own government and effectively puts the world on stand still.
Pearl Harbor
- December 7, 1941
- Japan will surprize the US by attacking Pearl Harbor and it is the second bloodiest battle in US history thus far
- This attack gets US involved in WW2
- Japan thought that doing this would keep us out of the war because we wouldn’t be able to recover in time
- We had several ships on patrol so they didn’t sink everything
- Japan cannot bomb enough stuff that we cannot make
- US declares war on Japan, Hitler declares war on US
Escape/Miracle at Dunkirk
During the battle of France, the French and British soldiers escape North. Nazis will surround them. British ships will cross the English channel saving about 50,000 troops.
Operation Sea Lion
June-October 1940, the British and German air forces fighting to see if Britain would fall. The British will win, Hitler will call off the invasion and the war continues. The gives people hope.
Battle of Britain
June-October 1940, the British and German air forces fighting to see if Britain would fall. The British will win, Hitler will call off the invasion and the war continues. The gives people hope.
Bataan Death March
- 1942
- 75,000 US troops were captured by the Japanese. Many of the soldiers were straved and tortured and just very cruel what the Japanese did. The General that was responsible for this was tried and executed for war crimes.
Battle of Guadalcanal
- 1943
- A significant American victory that helped push the Japanese back
Battle of Leyte Gulf
- 1944
- Largest naval battle in history The Kamikaze started up in this battle.
Battle of Coral Sea
This is the first battle where the two ships never saw each other and it was fought all by air craft.
Battle of Midway
It is the turning point battle in the Pacific theater. Japan will lose 4 of its naval carriers (they only had 8 or 9) and be on defense for the rest of the war.
D-Day (Battle of Normandy Beach) (Operation Overlord)
- June 6, 1944
- The allied nations will begin the invasion of France, Led by General Eisenhower. THey storm five different beaches: Utah, Omaha, Juno, Gold, and Sword. Omaha is the bloodiest. 156,000 troops were deployed
Battle of Stalingrad
The turning point in the European theater is Stalingrad. When the Soviet Union stops Germany from attacking and they are now just defending what they own as they go back to Berlin.
Siege of Leningrad
- 1941
- The Germans will surround and starve the Soviet people
Italian Campaign (Battle of Anzio)
- 1943-1945
- the allied ations will invade Italy and find it more difficult than they thought. It had over 300,000 casualties
What is Blitzkrieg?
- It is called a lightning war
- In a blitzkrieg, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes.
Island Hopping in the pacific
The American Military plan of using the navy and the military against Japan.
Battle of the Bulge
- 1944-1945
- Nazi Germany’s last offensive that caused the bloodiest battle and most casualties for the United States. They wanted to take the city of Bastone.
How Hitler took over:
- Hitler took austria
- Then a piece of czechoslavakia and then the rest
- Then hitler goes to take the part of poland they lost in WW1
- Then Hitler takes the rest of Poland
- Then he gave a portion of Poland to Russia
Battle of Iwo Jima
- 1945
- One step closer to Japan. Planting of the flag photo
Battle of Okinawa
It is the last battle in Japan and the last major battle of the war.
Nuremburg Trials
Nazi Germany military leaders will be put on trial for war crimes
V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
- May of 1945
- The axis nations (germany and italy) will surrender which ends the war in Europe
Penicillin
A new drug created to help save lives from disease and infection
United Nations
After WW2, an organization that will promote peace, stability, and prosperity
Manhattan Project
It is the name given to the American program to build an automic bomb. The leader of teh project was J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Tokyo Firebombing
- 1945
- America almost wipes Tokyo off the map. We began to drop so many fire bombs on tokyo at one time and it sucked the air out of the city. About 80,000 people died and 250,000 buildings were destroyed.
Trinity Test
The name given to the first successful detonation of an atomic bomb. Detonated in New Mexico.
Albert Einstein
A German immigrant whose scientific ideas lead to the atomic bomb.
Robert Oppenheimer
He is the leader of the Manhattan Project/Atomic Bomb Project
Oak Ridge, TN and Alamogordo, NM
The locations for the creation and detonation of the atomic bomb.
- TN→creation
- NM→detonation
Enola Gay and Paul Tibbets Jr.
The plane and pilot that dropped the first atomic bomb in world history
Hiroshima and Little boy
August of 1945, the first atomic bomb dropped in history. Killed about 100,000 people and destroyed 100,000 buildings instantly. Japan still does not surrender.
Nagasaki and Fat man
August of 1945 and three days after the first atomic bomb dropped. The second atomic bomb was dropped and it ended WW2.
V-J (Victory in Japan) Day
August of 1945, Japan will surrender and WW2 will officially end.
Neutrality act of 1939
- They are going to confirm that America is neutral Basically we are going to make it illegal for America to sell war weapons to countries at war
- Those countries can buy supplies on a cash-and-carry basis
- It will give the president more power
War Refugee Board
Organization created by the US to help Jewish and Concentration camp victims.
Atlantic Charter
In 1941, Britain and USA will meet to dicuss what democracy looks like post war.
Cash and Carry
Allowed the US to sell arms & munitions to warring nations if they paid cahs and transoported the goods on non-American ships
“Enigma” Code
This is the German code that was finally broken during WW2
Kamikaze
They are Japanese suicide pilots. They are very devastating and they started in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
France and Charles de Gaulle
Charles do Gaulle is the leader of France
ABC-1 agreement
An agreement between Britain and US at a conference in D.C between January 29-March 27 1941 that should the US join WW2 the 2 nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. That would mean “getting Germany first” in the Atlantic and European theater and fighting more defensively on other military fronts.
Executive Order No. 9066
FDR authorized the war department to remove Japanese “enemy aliens” to isolated internment camps. Immigrants and citizens alike were sent away from their homes, neighbors, schools, and businesses. The Japanese internment policy was held to be constitutional by the US Supreme Court in Korematsu v. US.
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
Est. by FDR to act as an arbitration tribunal and mediate disputes amoong labor and management that might have led to war stoppages and thereby undermine the war effort. The NWLB was also charged with adjusting wages with an eye to controlling inflation.
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized the strike actino against government-run companies.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the “Double V”–victory over facism abroad and racism at home. After WW2, Core would become a major force in the civil rights movement.
Great Britain and Winston Churchill
He is the prime minister through most of the war after Neville Chamberlin leaves in 1940.
