Unit4: Chapter 49 (Karch 7th Ed) - Drugs Used to Treat Anemias Flashcards
The nurse is caring for a patient in end-stage renal failure and anemia. What is the cause of this patient’s anemia? A) Low serum iron levels B) Low erythropoietin levels C) Inadequate oxygenation of tissue D) Lack of B12 and folic acid intake
Ans: B
Feedback:
Anemia can occur if erythropoietin levels are low. This is seen in association with renal failure, when
the kidneys are no longer able to produce erythropoietin. Low iron levels, hypoxia, and vitamin
deficiency are not likely to be the primary cause of anemia in a patient with kidney failure.
A 2-year-old child weighing 32 pounds is to take ferrous sulfate (Feosol) 6 mg/kg/d PO. How many
milligram will the child receive per dose?
A) 47 mg
B) 67 mg
C) 87 mg
D) 107 mg
Ans: C
Feedback:
The nurse will administer 87 mg per dose. The child’s weight is first converted to kilograms by
dividing 32 by 2.2, or 32/2.2 = 14.5 kg. Next, calculate the dose by multiplying weight times mg/kg/d
or 14.5 × 6 = 87 mg.
A nurse caring for a 28-year-old woman with renal failure is to start the patient on epoetin alfa therapy
for iron replacement. What will the nurse assess before initiating therapy?
A) Weight
B) Last menstrual period
C) Intake and output (I & O) for a 24-hour period
D) Blood type
Ans: B
Feedback:
The use of epoetin alfa is not recommended during pregnancy or lactation because of potential adverse
effects to the fetus or baby. It is important to determine that the patient is not pregnant before drug
therapy has started so the nurse would assess when the patient last menstruated. The patient’s weight, I
& O, and blood type are not important factors in determining whether the drug can be used.
- The nurse improves patient compliance with the drug regimen of epoetin alfa by providing what?
A) An appointment card for each drug administration day
B) A calendar to mark the days of the week the drug is to be administered
C) A referral for community transportation
D) The telephone number of the pharmacy where the medication can be purchased
Ans: B
Feedback:
The nurse should provide the patient with a calendar with the days the drug is to be administered
marked clearly to remind her when the dose is due. The patient can be taught to self-administer the
drug so there is no need for an appointment or arranging transportation. The patient can use her choice
of pharmacy and would not need the telephone number.
- A patient who has anemia and a severe GI absorption disorder has been ordered iron dextran (INFeD).
What is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for the patient related to the administration of this drug?
A) Acute pain related to drug administration
B) Deficient knowledge regarding drug therapy
C) Risk for injury related to CNS effects
D) Disturbed body image related to drug staining of teeth
Ans: A
Feedback:
Iron dextran is a parenteral form of iron. It is given intramuscularly and must be given by the Z-track
method. It can be very painful. Certainly, deficient knowledge and risk for injury are appropriate
diagnoses for this patient but would not be related to the administration of the drug. Because this
medication is not given orally, tooth staining would not be a concern.
- A 22-year-old woman who has severe dysmenorrhea has been prescribed ferrous gluconate (Fergon) to
treat iron deficiency anemia. What is it important for the nurse to instruct the patient to avoid when
taking the drug?
A) Eggs
B) Chocolate
C) Pork
D) Whole wheat
Ans: A
Feedback:
Iron is not absorbed if taken with antacids, eggs, milk, coffee, or tea. These substances should not be
administered concurrently. Chocolate, pork, and whole wheat do not produce drug food interactions
when consumed with an iron supplement.
- The nurse develops a care plan for a patient who has been prescribed a folic acid derivative that
includes what priority nursing diagnosis?
A) Deficient knowledge regarding drug therapy
B) Monitor possibility of hypersensitivity reactions
C) Acute pain related to injection or nasal irritation
D) Risk for fluid volume imbalance related to cardiovascular effects
Ans: D
Feedback:
Nursing diagnoses related to drug therapy might include: Risk for fluid volume imbalance related to
cardiovascular effects. Deficient knowledge and acute pain might apply to this patient, but the priority
nursing diagnosis this patient, but the priority nursing diagnosis for this patient is the risk for fluid
imbalance related to cardiovascular effects. Monitoring for hypersensitivity is not a nursing diagnosis.
Before administering an iron preparation, what should the nurse assess? A) Red blood cell count (RBC) B) Hematocrit and hemoglobin C) Aspartate aminotransferase levels D) Serum creatinine levels
Ans: B
Feedback:
Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels should be assessed before administration because the drug will be
evaluated for effectiveness by the response of these levels to drug treatment. These levels are also used
to determine dosage. Counting RBCs would indicate the number of blood cells per cubic millimeter but
not iron or oxygen content. Aspartate aminotransferase levels are associated with liver function and
serum creatinine levels are associated with renal function.
What ordered dosage for epoetin alfa (Procrit) could the nurse administer without needing to question
the order?
A) 0.45 mcg/kg IV once per week
B) 1 mg/d IM
C) 100 mg/d PO
D) 150 units/kg subcutaneously three times per week
Ans: D
Feedback:
An appropriate dosage of epoetin alfa is 50 to 100 units/kg IV or subcutaneously, 3 days a week.
Darbepoetin alfa can be administered by IV or subcutaneously once a week, and the usual dose is 0.45
mcg/kg. Folic acid (Folvite) is administered orally, IM, subcutaneously or IV; the usual dosage is 1 mg.
The usual dose of ferrous sulfate is 100 to 200 mg/d PO.
After assessing the patient receiving erythropoietin drug therapy, the nurse suspects what finding is an
adverse effect of erythropoietin drug therapy?
A) Constipation
B) Hypotension
C) Edema
D) Depression
Ans: C
Feedback:
Potential adverse effects of an erythropoietin are edema, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, diarrhea, and
hypertension. Options A, B, and D are not associated with these drugs.
A 62-year-old female patient is started on vitamin B12 for pernicious anemia. When the nurse develops
the plan of care, what expected outcome will the nurse include?
A) Decreased bleeding
B) Increased hemoglobin
C) Decreased joint pain
D) Less fatigue
Ans: B
Feedback:
Vitamin B12 is essential for normal functioning of red blood cells (RBCs) so the drug would be
evaluated as successful in treating the disorder if the patient’s hemoglobin and RBC count increased
after administration. Expected outcomes do not include decreased bleeding, decreased joint pain, or
less fatigue.
A 50-year-old patient with pernicious anemia asks why she can’t just take a vitamin B12 pill instead of
getting an injection. What is the nurse’s best response to her question?
A) “Pernicious anemia is caused by the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12.
B) Oral ingestion of vitamin B12 irritates the GI tract and bleeding could occur
C) Pernicious anemia alters mucous membrane lining of the bowel and impairs absorption.
D) With severe deficiencies like yours, oral vitamin B12 does not work fast enough
Ans: A
Feedback:
Vitamin B12 cannot be taken orally, because one problem with pernicious anemia is an inability by the
patient to absorb vitamin B12 due to low levels of intrinsic factor. Other options are incorrect.
The nurse instructs a patient taking oral iron preparations about which potential adverse effect? A) Clay-colored stools B) Hypotension C) Constipation D) Frequent flatus
Ans: C
Feedback:
The most common adverse effects associated with oral iron supplements are related to direct GI
irritation (e.g., GI upset, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark stools, and constipation). Oral iron
supplements do not cause hypotension, clay-colored stools, or frequent flatus.
When providing patient teaching for a 30-year-old primigravida diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, but
not currently in crisis, the priority teaching point is what?
A) Avoidance of infection
B) Constipation prevention
C) Control of pain
D) Iron-rich foods
Ans: A
Feedback:
Severe, acute episodes of sickling with blood vessel occlusion may be associated with acute infections
and the body’s reactions to the immune and inflammatory responses. Avoidance of infection is, then, a
priority teaching point. Pain would be a concern only if the patient is in crisis. Constipation prevention
and iron-rich foods would not be the priority at this time.
What drugs might the nurse administer that have been developed to stimulate erythropoiesis? (Select all
that apply.)
A) Levoleucovorin
B) Hydroxocobalamin
C) Darbepoetin alfa
D) Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
E) Epoetin alfa
Ans: C, D, E
Feedback:
Patients who are no longer able to produce enough erythropoietin in the kidneys may benefit from
treatment with exogenous erythropoietin (EPO), which is available as the drugs epoetin alfa (Epogen,
Procrit), darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp), and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (Mircera). Both
darbepoetin alfa and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta are approved to treat anemias
associated with chronic renal failure, including patients receiving dialysis. Levoleucovorin and
hydroxocobalamin are not erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
What anemia does the nurse classify as a type of hemolytic anemia? A) Iron deficiency anemia B) Megaloblastic anemia C) Pernicious anemia D) Sickle cell anemia
Ans: D
Feedback:
Another type of anemia is hemolytic anemia, which involves a lysing of red blood cells because of
genetic factors or from exposure to toxins. Sickle cell anemia is a type of hemolytic anemia. Iron deficiency and megaloblastic anemias are different classifications of anemia.
What medication does the nurse administer to treat anemia associated with chronic renal failure?
A) Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
B) Ferrous sulfate exsiccated
C) Levoleucovorin
D) Hydroxyurea
Ans: A
Feedback:
Both darbepoetin alfa and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta are approved to treat forms of
anemia associated with chronic renal failure, including in patients receiving dialysis. Ferrous sulfate
exsiccated is used to treat iron deficiency. Levoleucovorin is administered to diminish toxicity and
counteract the effects of impaired methotrexate elimination and of inadvertent overdose of folic acid
antagonists after high-dose methotrexate therapy for osteosarcoma. Hydroxyurea is used to reduce the
frequency of painful sickle cell crises and to decrease the need for blood transfusions in adults with
sickle cell anemia.
The nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with pernicious anemia and anticipates this patient will require supplemental what? A) Iron B) Vitamin B12 C) Erythropoietin D) Oxygen
Ans: B
Feedback:
Pernicious anemia occurs when the gastric mucosa cannot produce intrinsic factor and vitamin B12
cannot be absorbed. Other options are incorrect.
When providing patient teaching the nurse warns the patient to avoid what triggers of an episode of sickling? (Select all that apply.) A) Acute infections B) Immune response C) Exposure to heat D) Inflammatory responses E) Metabolic alkalosis
Ans: A, B, D
Feedback:
Severe, acute episodes of sickling with occluded blood vessels may be associated with acute infections
and the body’s reactions to the immune and inflammatory responses. Exposure to heat and metabolic
alkalosis are not considered triggers.
The nurse teaches hemodialysis patients that anemia occurs because damaged kidneys fail to produce what? A) Erythropoietin B) Renin C) Angiotensin D) Urine
Ans: A
Feedback:
People with chronic renal failure are often anemic because their kidneys are unable to produce
erythropoietin. The production of renin and angiotensin impact the patient’s blood pressure. Anemia is
not caused by lack of urine production.
A patient has been prescribed epoetin alfa. The nurse determines the drug is contraindicated as a result of what finding in the patient history? A) Asthma B) Irritable bowel syndrome C) Hypertension D) Shortness of breath
Ans: C
Feedback:
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are contraindicated in the presence of uncontrolled hypertension
because of the risk of worsening hypertension when red blood cell counts increase and the pressure
within the vascular system also increases. There is no contraindication to the use of erythropoiesisstimulating
agents for patients with asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, or shortness of breath.
An older adult patient, diagnosed with pernicious anemia, asks the nurse what causes this disorder. The
nurse’s best response is that there is a lack of intrinsic factor secreted needed for absorption of vitamin
B12 where?
A) Large bowel
B) Lower esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Small bowel
Ans: D
Feedback:
Intrinsic factor, also secreted by the gastric mucosa, combines with dietary vitamin B12 so that the
vitamin can be absorbed in the ileum, located in the small bowel. Other options are incorrect.
What genetic carrier screening would be appropriate for an African American couple planning to begin a family? A) Renal failure B) Sickle cell anemia C) Iron deficiency anemia D) Vitamin B12 deficiency
Ans: B
Feedback:
Sickle cell anemia is a chronic hemolytic anemia that occurs most commonly in people of African
descent, so it would be appropriate to have genetic screening to determine the risk associated with
having children. The other answers are incorrect because they are not associated with people of African
descent.
The nurse is caring for a child who is prescribed supplemental iron therapy in liquid form. What is the
priority parent teaching to be provided by the nurse?
A) The iron should be taken through a straw.
B) Positive results from treatment will be seen in 1 to 2 weeks.
C) Results will be evaluated through the child’s appearance.
D) Dosages are determined by serum iron levels.
Ans: A
Feedback:
Iron doses for replacement therapy are determined by age. If a liquid solution is being used, the child
should drink it through a straw to avoid staining the teeth. Periodic blood counts should be performed;
it may take 4 to 6 months of oral therapy to reverse an iron deficiency. Remember that iron can be toxic
to children, so that iron supplements should be kept out of their reach and administration monitored.
