UNIT3: Global resource and consumption Flashcards
What are the different types of poverty:
- Absolute poverty–> lack of money for basic human needs
- Relative poverty–> people have inadequate financial resources and fall bellow living standards
- Income poverty–> family income is below nationally established poverty line.
Explain the relationship between poverty reduction and the global middle class
- The gobal middle class has increases diue to an increase in incomes
- Less people are falling into absolute poverty
- increase in goverment spending
Why it is beneficial for economy:
1. increases the sale of electric cars
2. educated so they provide growth in the country.
3. prices can increase as more people can afford things.
Why are some countries poor?
- geopgraphy–> land-locked countries cant benefit from trade.
- weather–> poor countries have a tropical wetaher–> rise in pests and diseases
- Institutions–> LIC´s=more corrupt than HIC´S
- Culture–> religious countries tend to be the poorest.
How do countries increase their resource consumption?
- using fossil fuels
- buying imported products
- eating a lot of meat
Describe the ecological footprint
- the theoretical measurement of the amount of land+water required to fulfil resources needs and assimilate waste.
- measured in global hectares
What are the two aspects that the EF considers?
- Biocapacity–> earths bioproductive land +sea (areas that provide food and assimilate waste)
- demand–> amount of bioproductive land needed to provide resources.
define ecological deficit
when footprint exceeds bio capacity
What are the types of footprints
- carbon footprint–> total amount of GHG emissions caused by an individual
- water footprint–> amount of water in EF
- food footprint–> how food intakr affects EF
define ecological reserve
biocapacity exceeds footprint
Define physical water scarcity
- the demand of water esceedds avialble amount
Define economic water scarcity
- lack of water supply even though it is availble (due to economic problems)
Why are there increasing water pressures?
- urbanization
- population growth
- growing middle class
- tourism and recreation.
- dietary changes
threee categories of water consumption:
- agricultural–> irrigation
- industrial..> hydrolectric power
- domestic
what is embedded water
- water used to produce the products we use
what is virtual water?
- water used to make an object
patterns in trends that affect availability of food and land consumption:
- changes in diet–> changed from consuming cereals to a balanced diet.
- food coorperations: fast food concume. alot of land tu graze cows for meat.
- food trade–> access foods from different countries
- change in diet in middloe income countries–> increases wealth and distinct lifetyle.
- climate: droughts decrease crop yields-
- water crisis–> limits crop yield.
Non-renewable sources:
- fossil fuels–> cheap, provide high energy yield.
- contribute to climate change, produce GHG.
Renewable energy sources:
- solar, hydrolectric power, geothermal, tidal.
solar–> low running costs, do not work at night
wind–> low costs–> noise poloution
hydropower–> REDUCE FLOOD RISK, high set up costs.
Factors affecting energy consumption:
- type of industrial activity
- climate–> extreme climates require more energy
- level of developemnnt –> HIC consume more energy
- population
Describe the water-food energy nexus
- The link between each sector and how they impact each other.
Suggest interaction in the water-food-energy nexus
- changes in one are might improve other: increase in water sources–> irrigation higher crop yield
- negative impact–> use of fertizers in agriculture increases GHG.
what are the effects of climate change on nexus
- snow melting–> decline in freshwater in lakes
- heavy rainfall-> water loggeds areas—> decrease food supply.
- higher temp–> fish die
- energy prpduction relies on combuston of fossil fuels–> contributed to cliamte change.
what are the strategies to manage domestic waste
- reducing consumtio n
- composting food
- recyling and reusing products
what are the methods used to deal with domestic waste
- recycling
- reusing
- reducin g
- using composts
- inccineratign waste
How to imrpove water security:
- increase supply–> by desalinisation, fog harvesting
- incease storage–> aquifiers
- decrease demand–> raising awarness
Export of wastes
- most HICS dispose their waste in foreign dumos espacially in LICS–> it is cheaper
Types of waste
- incierating–> reduce waste pile yet they produce GHG.
- chemical waste–> contributed to health risks
- E-waste–> dumo of electronic devices (in landfills they seep into soil and this is toxic)
Whar are neo-malthusian theories
- pessimistic –> less radiucle that thomas malthus
- promote population control to ensure sustainability of resources
- support contraception
Thomas Malthus theory (pessimist)
- population growth is exponential
- food production is arithmetic
- point where pop exceeds food supply (carrying capacity)
- proposed two types of checks
- neg checks–> sexual abstinence, reduced marriage
- positive checks–> disease, death etc.
Critiques:
- POP growth is not exponential
- contraception is now used
- since his tiem food production has increased.
Explasin Boserups theory (optimist)
- people have the resources to icnrease food production
- population increases->stimualte change in agricultural practices–> increased food
Define what is meant by resource stewardship
- humans use reosurces in such way they are available for future generatiosn
