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HL geo > Freshwater > Flashcards

Freshwater Flashcards

1
Q

Types of inputs in the drainage system

A
  • precipitation (rainfall etc)
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2
Q

Types of outputs

A
  • water, sediment, energy
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3
Q

What are the processes in the drainage basin

A
  1. Erosion
  2. Deposition
  3. Transportation
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4
Q

Where is water stored

A

Lakes, acquirers, dams, vegetation

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5
Q

Types of flows

A

Rainfall, infiltration, throughflow

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6
Q

Describe infiltration

A

When water is absorbed by soil

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7
Q

Describe surface run-off

A

Water flowing over surface

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8
Q

Describe throughflow

A

When water flows in soil though natural pipes.

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9
Q

Describe interception

A

When water in the plants is evaporated

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10
Q

Define discharge and the equation

A
  • amount of water passing in a given time
    EQUATION= CROSS SECTIONAL AREA X MEAN VELOCITY.
  • increases downstream
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11
Q

Describe turbulent stream flow

A
  • water does not move steady
  • high velocities
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12
Q

Describe laminar stream flow

A
  • water moves steady
  • low velocities
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13
Q

What channel characteristics affects discharge

A
  1. Cross sectional area— as river moves downwards it increased
  2. Velocity increases as river moved down.
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14
Q

Describe the processes of erosion

A
  1. ABRASION: wearing away bed from load being carried
  2. ATTRITION: load smash against each other
  3. HYDRUALIC ACTION: force of water and air relished river bank
  4. SOLUTION: materials are dissolved because of chemicals in the water
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15
Q

Factors affecting erosion

A
  1. Load particle size
  2. Velocity
  3. Human impacts
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16
Q

Describe the processes of transportation

A
  • suspension: fine particles are carried by river
  • traction: large builders are carried in river.
  • saltation: small pebbled bounce along.
  • solution: minerals dissolved in water.
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17
Q

What are the causes of deposition

A
  1. When the river slows down it looses energy
  2. When volume of water in channel decreases.
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18
Q

What does the Hjulstrom curve show

A
  • relationship between velocity and particle size
    The type of particle affects the velocity

Terms:
1. Entertainment velocity—> velocity needed to pick up load
2. Fall—>velocity needed to deposit load.

19
Q

Describe how are waterfalls formed

A
  1. Soft rocks eroded quicker than hard rock
  2. Hard rock is left overhanging—> falls down into plunge pool
  3. Hydraulic action causes more erosion
  4. Waterfall retreats up creating a gorge.
20
Q

How are floodplains formsed

A
  1. Erosion + deposition
  2. Interlocking spurs are removed via erosion and flow material is deposited due to loss of speed in water.
  3. Height of floodplain increases
21
Q

Describe the formation of oxbow lakes

A
  • erosion in the outside bend of meander due to increase in velocity
  • deposition in the inside bend of meander due to decrease in velocity.
  • river bends forming meander
  • when meander cuts it created an oxbow lake.
22
Q

Describe delta formation.

A

When water descends from river it looses energy
- forms distributaries to the sea.

23
Q

Levees formation

A
  • when there is flooding, water deposits sediment
    Cresting leaves at each side of river
    As there is more flooding the height of levees increases.
24
Q

Characteristics of a hydrograph.

A

Rising limb→ incline of discharge curve, rising flood water in river
Steep rising limb→ rate of infiltration into soil cannot absorb volume of water
Peak flow→ max discharge in river
Recession limb→ decline of discharge
Basin lag time→ difference between peak and flow of river.
Overland flow→ downward movement of water
Throughflow→ lateral unsaturated flow of water in soil
Base flow→ normal discharge
Banffull discharge in river that fills stream channel without spilling

25
Q

Factors affecting the risk of flooding

A
  • deforestation: water is not intercepted by plants
  • urbanization: less interception by the soil—> results in higher discharge
  • rock type—-> impermeable rock prevents water to be absorbed.
  • higher rainfall
26
Q

Uses of a hydrograph

A
  • predict flooding
  • identify normal discharge
27
Q

How can we precut floods

A
  • using satrelite tech or computer models and a hydrograph
28
Q

Hard engineering strategies to mitigate flooding

A
  1. DAM CONSTRUCTION—->store, water, hydroelectric power.
  2. CHANNEL MODIFICATION: (Channel straightening or widening)—-> widen stream for higher capacity.
  3. DREDGING—>removal of sediment from river
29
Q

Soft engendering strategies to mitigate flooding

A
  1. AFFORESTATION
  2. FLOODPLAIN RESTORATION.
30
Q

How to prepare from floods

A
  • make a risk or hazard map
  • maps to address future flooding events
  • analyze the patterns or effects of previous floods.
31
Q

What is water scarcity

A
  • not enough water to demand water uses.
32
Q

Water shortages vs water stress vs water crisis

A

SHORTAGES—> not availed water due to dynamic factors
WATER STRESS—>the demand of water is greater than the available water.
WATER CRISIS—> no usable water to supply need to population.

33
Q

Physical vs economic water

A

PHYSICAL—> water sources can’t meet demand of people
ECONOMIC—> not enough water to meet demand because of money.

34
Q

Causes of droughts

A
  • global warming—-> high temperatures due to GHG (water evaporates)
  • El Niño—-> lack of rainfall.
  • population growth—> more demand for food
35
Q

Consequences of droughts

A
  1. Reduced crop yield
  2. Diseases
    Water shortages
36
Q

Describe eutrophication

A
  • excessive nutrient enrichment because of excess of plant growth in a body of water.
    Causes by runoff from land (eg fertilizers)
  • nuteuirns exces causes algal bloom—> rescued oxygen available—-> organism die
37
Q

Describe salinisation

A
  • salts accumulating in water that limit crop growth
    Caused by diccolves salts when irrigating
38
Q

What are aquifers

A
  • permeable rock that contain groundwater
39
Q

Aquiclude

A

Imperials zone that restrict flow of gorundwater

40
Q

Benefits of using DAMS

A
  1. Increase groundwater source
    2, hydroelectric power
  2. Reduces flooding
41
Q

Negative of dams

A
  1. May cause earhquakes—> weakens land
  2. Spread of water-born diseases
  3. Affects marine life
42
Q

Describe the IMDB (INTEGRATED DRAINAGE BASIN MANAGEMENT)

A
  • cooorination, conservation, management of water across river basin by governments.
  • wants to maxima she benefits of water sources.
  • agreed my major stakeholders.
43
Q

What are the importance of wetlands

A
  • support flora and fauna
  • tourism
  • nursery area for animals
44
Q
A

HL geo (9 decks)

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