Unit2 L1 Flashcards
Founded in the first decade of the 20th century to increase job opportunities for African Americans.
NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE
Formed in the 1940s by James Farmer and other African Americans. Influenced by Gandhi’s nonviolent methods in India. Goal was to protest segregation and racism with nonviolent means.
CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY
Founded by Dr. King, Ralph Abernathy, and other ministers to fight for racial equality by using nonviolent means. Plan was to use churches as a base and stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
National student protest group formed in 1960. Following earlier models (CORE), they staged sit-ins (African Americans sitting at segregated lunch counters and refusing to leave until they were served -sit-ins) at whites-only lunch counters throughout the South.
STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE (SNCC)
Organized by CORE in 1961 - interracial groups of volunteers that rode two buses through the South in an effort to push for the enforcement of the federal law banning segregation on interstate bus routes and terminals. In many cities they were greeted by armed mobs that attacked them or arrested by hostile police. U.S. marshals were eventually sent to protect them as they finished their ride.
FREEDOM RIDERS
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, ethnicity, or gender. Cut off federal aid to segregated schools. Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Black Muslims – believed that whites were the cause of the African American condition. Wanted to create their own separate state since cooperation with whites was impossible.
NATION OF ISLAM
Militant group formed in CA to patrol black neighborhoods to protect the residents from police violence. Soon expanded their mission (published a newspaper, provided free breakfast for poor black children, provided free medical clinics, etc.) and spread to other cities (10,000 members by 1969). Had a ten-point program asking for full employment, decent housing, and an exemption from military service among other demands.
BLACK PANTHERS
Segregation existed, and FL led the South in lynchings in proportion to the population. There was a bus boycott in Tallahassee 1956, sit-ins in Miami as early as 1959, and rioting in St. Augustine in 1964. Two important African American Floridians: A. Philip Randolph – pushed for ending of discrimination in the military. Helped organize March on Washington. B. Harry T. Moore – helped organize FL’s NAACP, filed civil rights lawsuits.
CIVIL RIGHTS OF FLORIDA
Plessy v Ferguson – separate but equal Brown v. Board of Education – overturns Plessy v Ferguson Gideon v Wainwright – criminal courts must provide legal counsel to those who cannot afford it Regents of UC v Bakke – upheld affirmative action: schools could take race into account to have greater diversity, but could not have a quota system. Roe v Wade – women have the right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.
LANDMARK SUPREME COURT CASES
Leader in the Union of migrant farm workers. This individual organized strikes and boycotts which resulted in laws protecting migrant farm workers as well as better wages and living conditions.
CESAR CHAVEZ
