unit1.2-vertebral column Flashcards
19.07.11 vertebral Columbia
List the vertebrae and describe.
33 vertebrae
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral(fused)
- 4 coccygeal(fused)
name the parts of the typical veritbrae
vertebral body-weightbearing part of the vertebrae.
vertebral arch-forms the lateral and posterior parts of the vertebral foramen
vertebral canal-contains and protects the spinal cord. continues through the magnum foramun. each arch consists of predicles and laminae
- pedicles-bony pillars that attach the vertebral arch to the vertibral body
- laminae-flat sheets of bone that extend from each pedicle to meet in the midline and form the roof of the vertebral arch
Spinous process-junction of the two laminae, site for muscle and ligament attachment
transverse process-site for muscle attachment and rib articulation
superior and inferior articular processes- articulate with adjacent vertebrae
superior and inferior vertebral notches-participate in forming intervertebral formaina. Origin of articular processes, each pedicle is notched on its superior and inferior surfaces.
Define regions and characterize purpose.
What is the difference between the two bones. How can this be fixed?
Stenosis of the vertebral foramen.
laminectomy can relieve the pressure.
where the inferior articular porcesses interact with the superior articular processes is a Zygapophysial joint. These synovial joints permit gliding, and are prone to osteoarthritis. osteophytes can compress the spinal nerve at IV foramen
C3-C7 have prominent uncus.
the uncinate process form unconvertable joints ( ofLuschka) with the articulate surface above.
This is also a common site for osteophyte formation, Bone spurs.
what cervical vertebrae are atypical describe them
c1-atlas
c2-axis
c7-vertebrae prominens
discuss properties of the first cervical vertebrae
Where are the IVD?
What are two important craniovertebral joints? describe the motion and details regarding injury.
the median atlantoaxial joint- providing the yes movment
- the transverse ligament holds the odontoid process to the atlas.
- is the sight of injury for whiplash patients
- atlanto axial subluxation
- absent or loose in many downsyndrome patients
- is the sight of injury for whiplash patients
the lateral atlantoaxial joint-providing the sliding movment
describe the pathway for the left and right carotid artery to the brain
The carotid arteries travel the neck and enter the transverse foramen of C6 and travel up through the 5,4,3,2 foramen and over the posterior lateral side of the atlas into the magnum foramen.
the C7 vertebrae lacks a transverse foramen.
describe C7, how is it involved with the subclavian artery.
vertebra prominens, has a costal region for the costal rib attachment. This site is known for the pinching of the subclavian artery against musle. can lead to a condition known as Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
where does the spinal cord end?
the mamilary body is the attachment point for the multifidus muscle
The spinal cord ends at L2 and turns into the cau
describe the dorsal side
Where is the weight transfered from the spine.
Describe the flow of the nerves from the cauda equina.
the dorsal side is the location of the sacral haitus, palpated by the sacral cornua on either side.
Sacral canal contains dura sac to lower border of S2
The weight is transfered to the liegs through the sacroiliac joint.
4 anterior foramina for anterior rami + 4 posterior foramina for posterior rami
sacral haitus - site for madicine injection
Describe the coccyx
four fused vertebrae.
Non weight bearing structure
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- alond the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertegral discs; it is the only ligament that helps to limit extension of vertebral column
- consider whiplash injury
- alond the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertegral discs; it is the only ligament that helps to limit extension of vertebral column
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- along the posterior aspect of the bodies and intervertbral discs; it helps limit flexion
between the vertebral arches are the location of the synovial zygopophysial (facet) joint.
Nucleous pulposus =geleatinous, high water content. gives the IVD its compressible property
annulus fibrosus=fibro cartilaginous. the posterior side is thinner.(most prone for buldging in this area.
describe the two basic components of an IVD and how their relationship changes in a protrusion or rupture.
may protrude or herniate, ususlally posterolaterally, compressing a spinal nerve root; this causes paint that may radiate into an extremity.
- think about how the pinching of the nerves will effect the downstream/upstream communication.
what location is most frequent for herniated disc(excluding the cervical region). Explain
Protrudes or herniates most commonly in the lumbar region at L$/L5 or L5/S1 level; the disc usually spares the spinal nerve root exiting at the level (exiting root) and compresses the nerve root traversing to exit at the next intervertebral foramen below(transersing root)
What differentiates the cervical region with regard to a herniated disc.
in the cervical region most commonly involves C5/6 and C6/7; the cervical refgion is an exceptrion in that a herniated disc compresses the nerve root exiting at that level(exiting root), in part b/c the nerve roots don’t descend to exit an intervertebral foramen as they do in the lumbar region.
what is the consequence of a DIRECT posterior herniated disc?
The disc will push into the posterior longitudanol ligament ->pushing directly onto the spinal cord.
These circumstances can lead to complete loss of function inferior to the location of the hernia.
Draw the structures of the vertebral canal
meninges, CSF, spinal column, spinal nerve root, internal vertebral venous plexous and epidural fat.
Tiffany experiences an increase in thoracic curvature. What is she experiencing and what are some of the risks associated with women?
Kyphosis- an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature;
it is especially common in post menopausal women with osteoporosis.
This may also apear in adolescent individuals, genetic.
Bill has a lateral bending of his thoracis region, what is the condition? Is there a compensatory reaction? Is there a cure?
scoliosis-lateral curvature of the vertebral column; compensatory curves may develop above and below the lateral curvature to keep the eyes level with the horizon.
Cure depends on the type
- nonstructual scoliosis
- poor posture can be corrected and scoliosis reveresed
- structual scoliosis
- irreversible. e.g. hemivertebra
- ideopathic structual scoliosis
- permenant scoliosis for unknown reason.
- 85% and mostly occurs in females
Dr.Wu looks at Xrays and views the L5 has suffered a single break on the lamina between the superior and inferior articularis. Explain what he is looking at.
what if he is mistaken and its actually a bilateral fracture?
Could be looking at the scottie dog of a sponlylolysis. This is where the pars intecularis ( lamina between the superior and inferior articularis) is severed and the posterior and anterior vertebra seperate.
sponylolisthesis is the bilateral fracture of the pars intecularis. describing the severed vertebrae as sliding over the inferior vertebrae. “sliping over the S1”
What are three conditions that lead to spine vertebrae number abnormality?
fusion of cervical vertebrae=C1&C2 orC5 & C6
sacralization of Lv5-which the 5th lumbar vertebra is fused with the sacrum
lumarization of Sv1-the first sacral vertebra isn’t fused with the lower four vertebebrae
