unit 1.1-intro to Anatomy

Question 1

Define major planes and terms for viewing the body

Answer 1

coronal-divide the body into anterior and posterior

sagital-divide the body into left and right

transverse-divide the body into superior and inferior

superior vs inferior

cranial(rostral) vs caudal

medial vs lateral-towards the middle of the body vs towards the side

anterior vs posterior-front and back

proximal vs distal-closer to the trunk, further from the trunk

superficial vs deep

rostral-description with reference to the nose(forbrain is rostral to the nose

felxion vs extension and the foot=Dorsifelxion vs plantarflexion

Question 2

cells are the work horse of the body, cells combine to form complex structures.

Answer 2

There are 200 types of cells in the body, all with similar and distinct characteristics.

The four tissue types: epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelium-protection, absorption, secretion and excretion. avascular-rely on nutrition via diffusion.Ex: membranes(endo as well), glands

connective tissue-most abundant. subtypes: connective tissue proper, adipose, cartilage, bone and bone marrow

muscle- contraction, subtypes: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous-subtypes: neurons(DO NOT divide in adults) and glia(divided in normal conditions). locations: CNS and PNS

Question 3

General component parts of integumentary system. list a few functions

Answer 3

integumentary consists largly of epidermis and dermis, and occasional subdermis(fat).

1. epidermis
   
   1. epithithelial
   2. other epithelial structures/appendages of epidermis
      
      1. nails, glands(sebaceous, sweat and mamary), hair,
2. dermis
   
   1. connective tissue rich in collagen & elastic fibers with nerve endings, small vessels

hypoderm/superficial fascia/subcutaneous =adipose layer under skin

functions

1. vit d. primary immune response, thermoregulator, excretes water, site of sensory receptors, waterproofs

Question 4

define fascia and some variation in terminology

Answer 4

fascia is a connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat which seperates, connects, and supports organs and systems.

Superficial fascia vs deep fascia

1. superficial
   
   1. hypoderm(subcutaneous)
   2. loose connective tissue (Fat)
   3. housing nerve, vessel branches
   4. role in padding and thermoregulation
2. deep
   
   1. dense connective tissue
   2. covers
      
      1. bone
      2. muscle
      3. nerve
      4. vessels
      5. viscera
   3. functions
      
      1. limit spread of infection and cancer

Question 5

Do nerves vary between the locations they are found? Describe the anatomy of the peripheral nerve bottom up. Include the fascia coverings

Answer 5

nerves are a collection of axons(the part after the cell body) located in the peripheral nervous system.

(tract =bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS)

nerve composition

1. axons
   
   1. myelinated via Schwann cells(glia).
   2. each axon is surrounded by endoneurium called nerve fiber
   3. several nerve fibers are bundled as a fascicle and covered by the perineurium
   4. fascicles are bundled with blood vessels (vaso vasorum) in the epineurium. these fascicles are then covered to become peripheral nerves

Question 6

fascia types with regards to the muscle (3)

Answer 6

investing fascia-encloses individual muscle(look below the yellow fat, notice the shiny film on the muscle)

intermuscular septa-encloses group of muscles functionally related

the retinaculum-holds tendon in a place where the cross join

Question 7

how are vessels (blood and lymph) incorporated in connective tissues? what about organs?

Answer 7

sheath- surround vessels, and in some instances the lymph vessels can be included.

viscera cover organs with fascia

Answer 8

fascia will separate the serous membrane lining body cavities from the body wall and contains fat.

eg. extraperitoneal fascia-separating the parietal peritoneum of abdominal cavity and abdominal wall

Question 9

fluid secreting compartmentalizing membrane and types.

Answer 9

serous membrane-sacs of delicate connective tissue membrane which secrete fluid to lubricate an internal surface which collapses.

1. internal
2. external
3. types
   
   1. bursae-areas of friction(skin andbone)
   2. synovial sheath-tendons(in wrist/foot)
   3. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum: surround the viscera of body cavities

Question 10

circulatory system

Answer 10

Transport fluids

cardiovascular and lymph

1. heart, blood vessels
2. lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus

Question 11

describe blood vessels anatomically

Answer 11

three layers with a combination of three tissue types: epithelial, connective and muscle.

1. endothelium/connective tissue/elastic laminae
   
   1. internal
2. smooth muscle/elastic lamina
   
   1. ​middle
3. firbroelastic connective tissue
   
   1. ​external

these structures are most prominently seen in arteries, veins look collapsed. capillaries contain only endothelium(down to one cell thick).

Question 12

describe arterial circulation

Answer 12

large elastic arteries->medium muscular arteries->small arteries and arterioles

Question 13

What are some important features/characteristics of blood flow?

Answer 13

anastomoses-communications between multiple branches of an artery; usually very small

collateral circulation-increase in size of anastomes to provide alternate routes for blood flow in cases of obstruction of main branches due to ligation or narrowing(vascular stenosis). develops over time(not rapid).

terminal end arteries-do not form anastomes, can lead to tissue ischemia(reduction of blood supply) or infarcation(Tissue death) if damages or blocked.

Question 14

describe the arterial circulation of from the aortic arch->ascending

Answer 14

Question 15

describe features of the descending aorta pg40

Question 16

large scale venous structures

Answer 16

veins are formed by tributaries

1. venules->medium veins->large veins
2. venous plexus is a form network

veins are in 2 sets

1. superficial vv.
2. deep vv
   
   1. accompany arteries
   2. forms venae comitantes

Question 17

describe veins that accompany arteries

Answer 17

some veins form a structure around the artery- venae comitantes.

Question 18

Describe the venous formation around organs

Answer 18

Question 19

Characterize the flow of venous blood

Answer 19

valves in the veins allow blood to flow only in one direction, toward the heart.

the deep fascia(like a special stocking), contracting muscles and venous valves work together as a musculovenous pump to return blood to the heart. system is more prominent in lower limbs

Question 20

whats a relationship between bones and blood vessels, with regard to damage

Answer 20

fractures frequently occur at the waist of the scaphoid bone. If the blood supply from the radial artery is interrupted due to fracture, the scaphoid is at risk for avascular necrosis (death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply)

Question 21

Describe the general features of the lymph system

Answer 21

the lymphatic system contains many vessels which house valves, due to low pressure.

3/4 of the body lymph vessels drain on the left side via the thoracic duct. The right arm, the right side of head and chest drain via the right lymphatic duct.

functions:

1. collect interstitial fluid , hormones, pathogens
2. transport fat absorbed by the gut
3. site for metastasizing cancer cells

Question 22

lymph nodules location

Answer 22

Question 23

describe a relationship between lymph system and disease.

Answer 23

knowledge of lymph drainage is very important in the management of cancer. An important location such as breasts, testes, prostate, and rectum are a common site for cancer manifestation.

breasts lymph flow shows 75% flows through axillary lymph nodes. Lymph from the medial breast quadrants drains to the parasternal lymph nodes along the internal thoracic artery or to the opposite breast. lymph from the inferior breast quadrants may pass deep to the abdominal lymph nodes

Question 24

name the general componenets of the CNS and PNS. list the main types of neurons.

Answer 24

CNS- brain and spinal cord

PNS-nerves and glia

bipolar, unipolar and multipolar

Question 25

what are the two forms of signal transduction, general, for a neuron

Answer 25

The axon and dendrite will propagate an electrochemical signal, the synapse wll propagate a chemical signal via neurotransmitters