unit1 pt 3

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

the study of what our body does to the drug

Question 2

pharamcodynamics

Answer 2

study of what the drug has on the body.

Question 3

what mechanisms of action occur when the drug enters the system?

Answer 3

• drug binds to target receptors.
• proteins and enzymes are involved in signal transduction
• when receptors are bound to they change cellular function to illicit the therapeutic response

Question 4

what are the main types of receptors involved in drug expression? what

Answer 4

• G coupled protein (most common)
• ligand gated
• intracellular receptors: hydrophobic signalling molecules will diffuse across the cell membrane to interact with the intracellular receptors

Question 5

what kind of bonds are made between receptors and chemicals?

Answer 5

ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic bonds

Question 6

agonist

Answer 6

when a drug binds to a receptor fully to illicit a full therapeutic response.

Question 7

partial agoinist

Answer 7

when a drug only partially binds to a receptor so it can not create a full therapeutic response.

Question 8

Anatgonist

Answer 8

binds to the receptor to block therapeutic response. They have a higher affinity compared to agoinists.
ex: naloxone

Question 9

inverse agoinist

Answer 9

binds to the receptor to slow down transduction to slow the therapeutic response.

Question 10

full agoinsit

Answer 10

perfect match for the receptor–> illicits the full therapeutic response

Question 11

what is an adverse drug affect?

Answer 11

an unwanted affect the drug can cause that is secondary.

Question 12

why to allergic reactions occur?

Answer 12

on first exposure to an antigen the immune system will create antibodies ( mast cells). On second exposure the allergen will bind to the mast cells and cause a mass release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

Question 13

what are common s/s of an allergic reaction?

Answer 13

wheezing, uticaria, angioedema, itchiness, N/D/V

Question 14

what is anaphylaxis?

Answer 14

severe allergic reaction that is life threatening if not treated immediately.

Question 15

what hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction?

Answer 15

type 1

Question 16

drug tolerance

Answer 16

prolonged use of a drug will require higher doses to give the same therapeutic response

Question 17

cumulative drug effect

Answer 17

when the body does not metabolize & excrete the drug before the next dose is given. can lead to drug toxicity and affect kidney and liver functions.

Question 18

toxicology

Answer 18

the study of the mechanisms of action and adverse effects of drugs.

Question 19

when do toxic reactions occur?

Answer 19

when the blood concentration of a drug surpasses the therapeutic index.

Question 20

how are poisonings treated?

Answer 20

antidotes, emesis, gastric lavage, charcoal etc.

Question 21

what are the major effects of CO poisioning and how is it treated?

Answer 21

bone marrow decrease, CNS depression, headache, rosey cheeks, tachycardia, dizziness, vertigo etc. tx: hyperbaric chamber, hiflow O2

Question 22

what are the different types of drug interactions?

Answer 22

additive, synergistic, antagonistic

Question 23

additive interation

Answer 23

when the combination of 2 drug creates an effect that is equal to the sum og giving the drug alone. 1+1=2

Question 24

synergistic interation

Answer 24

when the combination of 2 drugs creates an effect that is greater than the sum of one drug alone. ex: 1+1=4

Question 25

ex of additive drug interaction

Answer 25

tylenol + advil= analgesia

Question 26

example of synergistic drug interaction?

Answer 26

antibiotic + antibiotic= super antibiotic

Question 27

Antagonistic interaction

Answer 27

the combined effect of two drugs neutralizes the effects or decreases the effects of one drug. ex 1+1 =0 or 1

Question 28

what is a drug example of an antagonistic drug

Answer 28

opioid + naloxone= no effect

Question 29

what are pharmaceutical reactions?

Answer 29

achemical reaction that happens before the drug is given to the pt or its absorbed.

Question 30

what is a pharmacokinetic reaction?

Answer 30

the altering of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion

Question 31

drugs absorbed slower on an empty stomach .....t/f

Answer 31

false; drugs absorb faster though they can irritate the stomach lining more

Question 32

some drugs mixed with food can neutralize the effects of the drug..... t/f, give example

Answer 32

true: tetracycline mixed with dairy neutralizes the antibiotic.

Question 33

what are the factors affecting efficacy?

Answer 33

age, lactating, pregnant, disease

Question 34

what does the Therapeutic Products Directorate control?

Answer 34

review scientific info, clinical application and investigational testing.

Question 35

who are involved in pre-clinical trials?

Answer 35

animals are tested on, if the results are good the trial can progress to humans.

Question 36

what are the 4 phases of a pre-clinical trial?

Answer 36

1. determine pharmacokinetic properties and durg sfaety on healthy humans 2. first study on people with the disease the drugs supposed to tx 3. comparative study between the new drug and others ( double blind random trial) 4. longer term research