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pharm > unit 1- intro to pharm > Flashcards

unit 1- intro to pharm Flashcards

understand topics and explain them

1
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of how drugs interact with living things.

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2
Q

pharmacognosy

A

the study of the natural origins of drugs

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3
Q

toxicology

A

the dose that makes a drug toxic to the system

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4
Q

in the early beginnings of pharm what was most commonly used?

A

herbal medications

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5
Q

now what are the 4 main sources of drugs?

A

animals, plants, minerals, and synthetics

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6
Q

drug

A

a substance that illicits a biological response when giving to a living organism.

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7
Q

the origin of some drugs determine the proper storage of the drug..t/f

A

true, ex: synthetic insulin must be refrigerated before use

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8
Q

how is a naturally sourced drug made?

A
  1. obtain the natural source
  2. crude drug prep
  3. pure drug compound made
  4. pharmacological prep
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9
Q

what is the crude drug prep?

A

the drug is obtained from the natural source and is made from drying and grinding animal tissue or plant. Then a solvent to extract the natural source ( ex: hot water).

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10
Q

what is a pure drug?

A

a compound isolate from the natural source or made in the lab.

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11
Q

what is Pharm prep?

A

when the drug is intended to give to a pt

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12
Q

what are the different types of names that can be given to a drug?

A
  • Chemical–> formula
  • generic-
  • trade name
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13
Q

what does a chemical drug name tell you and provide an example.

A

provides you with the chemical formula for the drug ex: NaCHCO3

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14
Q

what is does the generic name for a drug mean? example?

A

generic name is the non proprietary name and is the drug name that is used by HCP. Acetaminophen

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15
Q

what is the trade name for a drug mean? example?

A

the proprietary “brand name” of a drug ex Tylenol

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16
Q

what are the different categories of drugs?

A

prescription, non-prescription, and controlled substances

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17
Q

what are prescription drugs and how are they regulated?

A

drugs that have a higher potential for harmful use. Regulated by a healthcare professional

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18
Q

What are non-prescription drugs?

A

Drugs that the FDA decided to be relatively safe and are sold over the counter. dose not require supervision

19
Q

What are controlled drugs and how are they regulated?

A

Drugs that have the highest likelihood of misuse and dependency. Given out by HCP, regulated by Controlled drugs and substances act ( CDSA) and Narcotic control act.

20
Q

what do the CDSA and NCA control?

A

import, production, export, distribution, possession, and availability in the illicit market

21
Q

who regulates the CDSA and what does the CDSA do?

A

Drug Strategy control substances Program ( dscsp)
- decideds what drugs need prescriptions and develops a schedules for where and how they can be sold

22
Q

What is NAPRA and what does it do?

A

National association of pharmacy regulatory authorities. decided drug schedules, the need for rx, supervison of practitioners, and the
uncertainty drugs harm to living organisms,

23
Q

What are the different routes for administration?

A

Enteral or parenteral routes

24
Q

what is the enteral route?

A

oral or rectal routes or buccal/sublingual ( could be parenteral).
drugs undergo first pass at the liver

25
Q

what does the enteric coating on oral medications do?

A

a layer of polymer that prevents the drug from being broken down by gastric juices in the stomach.

26
Q

which route it the most common for drugs?

A

Oral tablets (enteric)

27
Q

what is the parenteral route?

A

drugs that are entered in the blood.
ex: IV, IM, SC

28
Q

what are some uncommon parenteral routes?

A

intrathecal ( in CSF) , epidural ( space above dural membrane in spine), Intra articular ( in joints) etc.

29
Q

what are some pros and cons for the oral route?

A
  • easy/relatively safe
    disadvantage:
  • drugs can be inactivated by gastric acids, undergoes first pass
30
Q

what a re some pros and cons of the IM route?

A
  • good for lipid solutions, slow and sustained suspension of drugs or can be rapid

cons: painful and can cause bleeding if pt on anticoagulants

31
Q

Subq pros and cons

A

pro: good suspension, slower absorption

32
Q

IV pros and cons

A

pros: bypasses absorption and givens immediate effect, 100% bioavailability

cons: more risk for toxicity

33
Q

what are the general principles of of drugs?

A

entry, circulation of drug, site of affect, what are the effects, how is it broken down?, removal?

34
Q

what are the properties of medications?

A

Mechanism of action, indications, adverse effect, contraindications, and toxicity

35
Q

how To receptor interactions occur?

A

drug goes to site affect and binds to receptor to illicit physiological response.

36
Q

what occurs during absorption of a drug?

A

drug is transported from site of admin to the bloodstream.

37
Q

what can affect drug absorption?

A

dose/ concentration, route, blood flow to the site of administration, drug solubility, etc.

38
Q

dose

A

amount of drug given

39
Q

dosage

A

how frequent the dose should be given.

40
Q

what dose the dose response relationship show?

A

as the dose increases the physiological effect increases too

41
Q

What is the therapeutic index

A

ratio between the toxic dose of drug and the dose that produces a therapeutic effect

42
Q

the space in between desired effect of drug and toxicity?

A

Margin of safety

43
Q

how is therapeutic index calculated?

A

TD50/ED50
- measures the toxic affects from a dose in 50% of test population : the 50% that experience therapy response

44
Q

a higher the TI= the safer drug…. t/f

A

true

pharm (8 decks)

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