Unit two: The Instruction Book of life Flashcards
wich 3 scientists were involved in the discovery of DNA
Watson, Crick, and Franklin
The human body
-contains 100 trillion cells working together in a complex symphony of interactions.
-everyone of these cells contain the human genome
the intestines
The intestines are used to duck things up.
-there are many different types of cells in the body each having its own function
-each cell has the same DNA
The cells
used as gastrulation
-exact copies of the parent cells
-cells differentiate or specialize
-everything is made up of cells
The nucleus
the nucleus is where DNA is located.
- it is a sphere-like structure separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane
-the nucleus is the cells control center
-watches over reproduction,metabolism an growth
the human genome
2 sets of 23 chromosomes coming together from a set from each parent
how many genes are in a genome
about 70,000
the chromosomes
in their most compacted state- most visible at this point
the genes
-makes a certain kind of protein
-genes determine specific traits you might have such as eye colour hair color and the way your body is built
list three examples of genes that you get from your parents
-Hair color
-eye colour
- the way you share built
whether your earlobes are connected or disconnected
chromatin
the mix of protein and DNA
-helical coiling
-lots of DNA in the nucleus
the double helix
-DNA without all of the proteins that organize it into chromatin
resembles a twisted ladder
the nucleotide
-the sides of the DNA ladder that consists of a long string of sugar and phosphate molecules to which the bases are attached
-each sugar-phosphate base combination is called a nucleotide
- made of sugar and phosphate with a nitrogen base
what does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for
ribonucleic acid
what is the location of DNA
the nucleus
Location of RNA
-nucleus and ribosomes
function of DNA
Blue print
function of RNA
master copy to build the appropriate proteins for the cell
shape of DNA
-left twist
-double helix
shape of RNA
-single strand
-twisted
what do A and G turn into in RNA
G-C
A-T
what is a nuclide
the building block of DNA and RNA made of sugar phosphate and a nitrogen base
how many pairs in a total of DNA in a human
3 million
what percentage of DNA do bananas and humans share
50 percent
semi-conservative
both old and new strands of DNA combining
parent strand
the leading and lagging strand
daughter strand
the newly synthesized protein strand made after DNA replication
Okazaki fragments
the short lengths of DNA that are produced by the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand.
replication fork
The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.
double helix
a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA.
lagging strand
leading strand
5 - 3’
direction they move
cell divsision
the process of making new body or sex cells
mitosis
the process of making new body cells
chromosomes
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
cancer
Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue.
metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body.
mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.
angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels.
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals.
mutation causing down syndrome
3 copies of chromosome 21 - 47XX+21
mutation causing patau’s syndrome
3 copies of chromosome 13 - 47XX+13
mutation causing Edwards syndrome
3 copies in chromosome 18 - 47XX+18
mutation causing turners syndrome
one copy of the X is missing or changed 45xo
mutation causing Klinefelter syndrome
an additional X chromosome- 47XXY- male
what does nature need to be successful
variation
the 4 types of chromosomal mutations
deletion-removing a piece
insertion- adding a piece
inversion- swapping places
translation-swapping DNA with another chromosome
why are mutations necessary
allows others to live while others die off- biodiversity
define three types of diversity
genetic-genetic variations or differences between people
species-a variety among the species
ecosystem- the variety of forests, grasslands wetlands,- environment suitable for living things
meiosis
sex cells that are different sperm and egg cells- crossing over
what is an ammnioncetisis
the best time to analyze for chromosome mistakes during pregnancy
role of helicase
enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds allowing DNA to split
role of polymerase
enzyme that finds matching bases and bonds them together
role of ligase
enzym that links fragments to from a seamless strand
what is splitting during the process of DNA replication
hydrogen bonds
what are clones
exact copies with identical DNA- how all cells except sex cells are made
reason for DNA replication
repair and growth - results in a new cell
