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Bio 30 Midterm > Unit two: The Instruction Book of life > Flashcards

Unit two: The Instruction Book of life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

wich 3 scientists were involved in the discovery of DNA

A

Watson, Crick, and Franklin

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2
Q

The human body

A

-contains 100 trillion cells working together in a complex symphony of interactions.
-everyone of these cells contain the human genome

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3
Q

the intestines

A

The intestines are used to duck things up.
-there are many different types of cells in the body each having its own function
-each cell has the same DNA

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4
Q

The cells

A

used as gastrulation
-exact copies of the parent cells
-cells differentiate or specialize
-everything is made up of cells

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5
Q

The nucleus

A

the nucleus is where DNA is located.
- it is a sphere-like structure separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane
-the nucleus is the cells control center
-watches over reproduction,metabolism an growth

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6
Q

the human genome

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes coming together from a set from each parent

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7
Q

how many genes are in a genome

A

about 70,000

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8
Q

the chromosomes

A

in their most compacted state- most visible at this point

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9
Q

the genes

A

-makes a certain kind of protein
-genes determine specific traits you might have such as eye colour hair color and the way your body is built

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10
Q

list three examples of genes that you get from your parents

A

-Hair color
-eye colour
- the way you share built
whether your earlobes are connected or disconnected

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11
Q

chromatin

A

the mix of protein and DNA
-helical coiling
-lots of DNA in the nucleus

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12
Q

the double helix

A

-DNA without all of the proteins that organize it into chromatin
resembles a twisted ladder

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13
Q

the nucleotide

A

-the sides of the DNA ladder that consists of a long string of sugar and phosphate molecules to which the bases are attached
-each sugar-phosphate base combination is called a nucleotide
- made of sugar and phosphate with a nitrogen base

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14
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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15
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

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16
Q

what is the location of DNA

A

the nucleus

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17
Q

Location of RNA

A

-nucleus and ribosomes

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18
Q

function of DNA

A

Blue print

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19
Q

function of RNA

A

master copy to build the appropriate proteins for the cell

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20
Q

shape of DNA

A

-left twist
-double helix

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21
Q

shape of RNA

A

-single strand
-twisted

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22
Q

what do A and G turn into in RNA

A

G-C
A-T

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23
Q

what is a nuclide

A

the building block of DNA and RNA made of sugar phosphate and a nitrogen base

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24
Q

how many pairs in a total of DNA in a human

A

3 million

25
Q

what percentage of DNA do bananas and humans share

A

50 percent

26
Q

semi-conservative

A

both old and new strands of DNA combining

27
Q

parent strand

A

the leading and lagging strand

28
Q

daughter strand

A

the newly synthesized protein strand made after DNA replication

29
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

the short lengths of DNA that are produced by the discontinuous replication of the lagging strand.

30
Q

replication fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.

31
Q

double helix

A

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA.

32
Q

lagging strand

A
33
Q

leading strand

A
34
Q

5 - 3’

A

direction they move

35
Q

cell divsision

A

the process of making new body or sex cells

36
Q

mitosis

A

the process of making new body cells

37
Q

chromosomes

A

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

38
Q

cancer

A

Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue.

39
Q

metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body.

40
Q

mutation

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment.

41
Q

angiogenesis

A

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels.

42
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals.

43
Q

mutation causing down syndrome

A

3 copies of chromosome 21 - 47XX+21

44
Q

mutation causing patau’s syndrome

A

3 copies of chromosome 13 - 47XX+13

45
Q

mutation causing Edwards syndrome

A

3 copies in chromosome 18 - 47XX+18

46
Q

mutation causing turners syndrome

A

one copy of the X is missing or changed 45xo

47
Q

mutation causing Klinefelter syndrome

A

an additional X chromosome- 47XXY- male

48
Q

what does nature need to be successful

A

variation

49
Q

the 4 types of chromosomal mutations

A

deletion-removing a piece
insertion- adding a piece
inversion- swapping places
translation-swapping DNA with another chromosome

50
Q

why are mutations necessary

A

allows others to live while others die off- biodiversity

51
Q

define three types of diversity

A

genetic-genetic variations or differences between people
species-a variety among the species
ecosystem- the variety of forests, grasslands wetlands,- environment suitable for living things

52
Q

meiosis

A

sex cells that are different sperm and egg cells- crossing over

53
Q

what is an ammnioncetisis

A

the best time to analyze for chromosome mistakes during pregnancy

54
Q

role of helicase

A

enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds allowing DNA to split

55
Q

role of polymerase

A

enzyme that finds matching bases and bonds them together

56
Q

role of ligase

A

enzym that links fragments to from a seamless strand

57
Q

what is splitting during the process of DNA replication

A

hydrogen bonds

58
Q

what are clones

A

exact copies with identical DNA- how all cells except sex cells are made

59
Q

reason for DNA replication

A

repair and growth - results in a new cell

Bio 30 Midterm (5 decks)

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