Unit One: Sexual Reproduction Flashcards
definition of the glans penis
The rounded, gland-like head of the penis.
urethra
tube that empties bladder
erectile tissue (spongey)
the vessels in the penis fill with blood that allows the penis to become hard
Cowper’s Gland (bulbourethral)
either of a pair of small glands which open into the urethra at the base of the penis and secrete a constituent of seminal fluid
prostate gland
a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in males that releases prostatic fluid.
seminal vesicle
neutralizes female acidity
vas deferens
the connector between the epididymis and seminal vesicle
epididymis
the location of where mature sperm is stored
testes
produces testosterone and sperm
seminiferous tubules
any of the coiled thread-like tubules that make up the bulk of the testis and are lined with a layer of epithelial cells from which the spermatozoa are produced
testosterone
produced in the testes: Used to mature sperm and maintain secondary set characteristics
hypothalamus
produces GnRH
LH in Males
produced in the brain: travels to the testes via the bloodstream and causes the Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
FSH in Males
made in the brain and travels to the testes via the bloodstream and begins to produce and mature sperm cells
Sertoli Cells
produces sperm cells
Leydig Cells
produces testosterone
meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
haploid cell
Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.
peristalsis
Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
scrotum
where testes are stored
semen
fluid that is ejected from the male containing sperm cells that fertilize the egg
Sperm
Sperms are microscopic cells with a haploid nucleus. They carry the genetic information of males to the egg cell of the female.
Condom
a thin rubber sheath worn on a man’s penis during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or as a protection against infection.
withdrawl
when a male removes his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates during sex.
vasectomy
A vasectomy works by stopping sperm getting into a man’s semen, the fluid that he ejaculates. The tubes that carry sperm from a man’s testicles to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with heat.
castration (chemical and physical)
Chemical: Chemical castration uses certain chemicals to reduce a man’s libido or sexual activity by lowering testosterone
Physical: the physical removal of the testes
cervix
connects your womb and vagina, tunnel-like organ
fallopian tube
pair of tubes along which eggs travel from ovaries to uterus
urethra
the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.
clitourous
most sensitive and feel-good part of a woman
vagina
the muscular tube leading from the external genitalia to the cervix of the uterus - provides lubrication and sensation
penis
sperm transfer tool
uterus
the pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg implants during pregnancy- where the baby develops
endometrium
the inner layer. estrogen causes it to thicken so it can nourish during pregnancy
ovaries
produce and store your eggs- make hormones and control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy
estrogen
breast development, curves develop, thickens uterine lining, inhibits FSH and LH original from the ovaries, and will prepare and maintain pregnancy
LH (luteinizing Hormone) in Female
causes the egg to release, and surge causes ovulation which results in the formation of corpus lutetium- this hormone develops in the brain
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) in female
wakes up the egg,stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries, and stimulates estrogen secretion. originates from the brain.
menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the monthly series of changes a woman’s body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy. between 21-40 days, egg is released on the 13/14th day.
follicle in ovary
A small, fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains one immature egg. there are thousands of them
process of ovulation
Ovulation is the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary. After it’s released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube and stays there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can be fertilized.
corpus lutetium
Following the release of the egg and subsequent fertilization, the follicle seals itself off and forms what is known as a corpus luteum. This mass of cells helps produce the hormone progesterone during early pregnancy.
progesterone
thickens uterine lining, inhibits FSH and LH organelles from the ovaries, and will prepare and maintain pregnancy
fertilization
when sperm cells meet the egg, this takes place in the fallopian tube then moves to the uterus for the zygote to grow into a fetus
implantation
where the zygote buries into the endometrium
pregnancy
The condition between conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm) and birth, during which the fertilized egg develops in the uterus. lasts about 9 months or 288 days
The pill
mocks pregnancy, a high shot of progesterone. no sperm produced, makes them think that the job is done.
IUD
doesn’t allow an egg to get through and can last up to 5 years
Tubal ligation
cutting off our tieing the fallopian tube so that the egg can not travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Hysterectomy
remove the uterus
vasectomy
permanent barrier- cutting of the vas deferans
castration
no sperm is produced, making an incision into the scrotum is followed by the physical extraction of both testes.
pituitary gland
monitors the amount of testosterone is in the bloodstream and controls how much testosterone is produced
what causes the menstrual cycle
The ovaries release the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones cause the lining of the uterus (or womb) to build up. LH increases dropping an egg
what two hormones are produced in the brain of both males and female
LH and FSH
what happens when there is too much testosterone
-put muscle on
-causes an increase in muscle mass
-aggressive behavior
-oily skin
what happens when you add testosterone to a female
- increases muscle mass
-develop male characteristics
what happens when you remove testosterone from a male
begin to develop female characteristics
oophorectomy
female castration
what hormones are involved in female reproduction
FSH,LH,progesterone and estrogen
on what day of the menstrual cycle does the brain crank out estrogen
day 13/14
fimbriae
collect the egg released from the ovaries after ovulation and draws it into the fallopian tube
Concept of being in heat
- brain releases FSH and LH (low)
-wakes up egg
-estrogen - hormones peak on Day 13
-LH spikes - releases an egg - ovulation
- progesterone rises (possible pregnancy)
5- FSH,LH,Progesterone,Estrogen - Restarts (gets period)
What is a zygote and where does it become a zygote
a zygote is a fertilized egg and becomes a zygote in the fallopian tube where it then buries itself into the endometrium
what are the barriers to fertilization
Acidic Vagina- kills sperm cells
cervix/uterus- closed-opens at certain times of the month
-Body fat %- not having enough body fat
-Birth control- cannot have babies while on BC
stem cells
becomes any type of cell in the human body.
protective structures
-Placenta-between mom and baby
-amnion- contains amniotic fluid
-chorion-white covering, really tough, another layer of protection
-amniotic fluid- when the water breaks, cushion
what are the three trimesters and what happens in them
1st trimester:
- structures are built
-the foundation is established
2nd Trimester:
-putting sides on, finishing off the organs, lungs develop
3rd trimester:
size and weight increase
reproductive technology
Artificial insemination- gives the sperm a boost
IVF- takes eggs and sperm and mix them in a dish
intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection- forced fertilization
surogacy- your sperm and eggs in another woman’s uterus
what is an epidural
type of pain medicine where they inject a needle into the spine and knock out feeling from the shoulder down
