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Bio 30 Midterm > Unit three: Change overtime and organism behaviour > Flashcards

Unit three: Change overtime and organism behaviour Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atmosphere

A

An atmosphere is made of the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases.

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2
Q

primordial soup

A

a solution rich in organic compounds in the primitive oceans of the earth, from which life is hypothesized to have originated.

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3
Q

stromatolite

A

Stromatolites are the oldest known macrofossils, dating back over 3 billion years, they are frequently the subject of scientific discussions about ancient climates and the origin of life on earth.

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4
Q

photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

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5
Q

glucose

A

A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms.

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6
Q

oxygen

A

A colorless, odorless gas. It is needed for animal and plant life. Oxygen that is breathed in enters the blood from the lungs and travels to the tissues.

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7
Q

earths crust

A

he outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. Earth’s crust is generally divided into older, thicker continental crust and younger, denser oceanic crust. The dynamic geology of Earth’s crust is informed by plate tectonics.

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8
Q

tectonic plates

A

a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.

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9
Q

Rodinia

A

Rodinia broke up in the Neoproterozoic with its continental fragments reassembled to form Pannotia 633–573 million years ago.

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10
Q

volcanoes

A

a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.

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11
Q

acid rain

A

rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.

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12
Q

snowball earth

A

The term Snowball Earth refers to the hypothesis that in the distant past, specifically the Cryogenian period (850-630 million years ago), the earth’s surface was entirely frozen from pole to pole

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13
Q

prokaryotes

A

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

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14
Q

DNA

A

a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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15
Q

eukaryotes

A

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

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16
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

The Cambrian explosion happened more than 500 million years ago. It was when most of the major animal groups started to appear in the fossil record, a time of rapid expansion of different forms of life on Earth.

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17
Q

Gondwana

A

Gondwana was an ancient supercontinent that broke up about 180 million years ago. The continent eventually split into landmasses we recognize today: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula.

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18
Q

Ozon layer

A

a layer in the earth’s stratosphere at an altitude of about 6.2 miles (10 km) containing a high concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.

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19
Q

arthropods

A

an invertebrate animal of the large phylum Arthropoda, such as an insect, spider, or crustacean.

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20
Q

egg

A

the female reproductive cell in animals and plants; an ovum

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21
Q

coal

A

a sedimentary deposit composed predominantly of carbon that is readily combustible.

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22
Q

Permian mass extinction

A

About 250 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period, something killed some 90 percent of the planet’s species. Less than 5 percent of the animal species in the seas survived. On land less than a third of the large animal species made it. Nearly all the trees died. caused by global warming

23
Q

methane

A

Methane is a simple compound, formed by one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen (CH4). Methane exists as a gas in the environment and is one of the most important fossil fuels for human society.

24
Q

pangea

A

About 200 million years ago, all the continents on Earth were actually one huge “supercontinent” surrounded by one enormous ocean. This gigantic continent, called Pangaea , slowly broke apart and spread out to form the continents we know today

25
Q

oil

A

A slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water. Any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants.

26
Q

asteroid

A

a small rocky body orbiting the sun. and a few pass close to the earth or enter the atmosphere as meteors.

27
Q

mammal

A

a warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young.

28
Q

bipedalism

A

the condition of having two feet or of using only two feet for locomotion.

29
Q

homo Erectus

A

Homo erectus extinct species of the human genus, perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens).

30
Q

homo sapiens

A

Homo sapiens, the species to which all modern human beings belong. Homo sapiens is one of several species grouped into the genus Homo, but it is the only one that is not extinct.

31
Q

glacier

A

A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water that originates on land and moves down slope under the influence of its own weight and gravity.

32
Q

migration

A

seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.

33
Q

Bering strait

A

a narrow part of the northern Pacific Ocean that separates Russia and the US

34
Q

how did water get onto the plannet

A

Most astronomers believe asteroids carried water to early Earth.

35
Q

the new meteor collisions are important for what reason

A

provide us with a rich sampling of the deep interiors of differentiated asteroids.

36
Q

what are the major impacts of stromatolites

A

an important source of information on the early development of life on Earth and possibly other planets.

37
Q

what is the overall effect of the new volcanic activity

A

Volcanic eruptions can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, mudslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires.

38
Q

what happens when the carbon dioxide levels drop in the environment

A

When carbon dioxide concentrations drop, Earth cools, some water vapor falls out of the atmosphere, and the greenhouse warming caused by water vapor drops.

39
Q

what happens when carbon dioxide levels increase again

A

By adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, people are supercharging the natural greenhouse effect, causing global temperatures to rise.

40
Q

why is a seed a benefit to the evolving plants

A

The seed offers the embryo protection, nourishment, and a mechanism to maintain dormancy for tens or even thousands of years, ensuring germination can occur when growth conditions are optimal. Seeds, therefore, allow plants to disperse the next generation through both space and time.

41
Q

what makes up a species?

A

any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. varaition

42
Q

why do differences exist in members of a species

A

Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation.

43
Q

why are so many extra offsprings produced in nature

A

because most die out from competition amongst one another

44
Q

why do offsprings have unique traits through recombinant DNA

A

Crossing over happens during the first stage of meiosis when the two homologous chromosomes are paired and a portion breaks off on the same loci then reconnects to a different end.

45
Q

how are organisms adapted to the plannet

A

Natural selection

46
Q

steps of natural selection in order

A
  1. overproduction
    2.competition
    3.variation
    4.survival of the fittest
    5 reproduction
47
Q

what is selective pressure

A

The organisms that are better suited to their environment survive the pressure of selective agents. This is often referred to as ‘Survival of the Fittest’. Reproduction - Organisms that survive are able to reproduce and pass on their favourable genes to their offspring. Examples of natural selection.

48
Q

biodiversity

A

all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.

49
Q

importance of bidiversity

A

Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans. Without a wide range of animals, plants and microorganisms, we cannot have the healthy ecosystems that we rely on to provide us with the air we breathe and the food we eat.

50
Q

what happens when we lack biodiversity

A

Biodiversity loss can have significant direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs.

51
Q

what is selective pressure

A
52
Q

prokaryotes

A

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and cyanobacteria.

52
Q

prokaryotes

A

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and cyanobacteria.

53
Q

pangea

A

About 200 million years ago, all the continents on Earth were actually one huge “supercontinent” surrounded by one enormous ocean. This gigantic continent, called Pangaea, slowly broke apart and spread out to form the continents we know today

Bio 30 Midterm (5 decks)

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