Unit Two Test: World War 1 Flashcards
What is Nationalism?
Pride in your nation and the belief that your people are the best people.
What is Self-determination?
The belief that a people should be allowed to determine how they are governed, typically as their own nation.
What did Balkan Nationalism contribute to WWI?
It ignited tensions in Europe that led to the cause of the war.
What was Russia’s relationship with the Balkans?
Many of the people in the Balkans are Slavic, which is the same ethnic background as the Russians.
What was Austria’s interest in the Balkans?
They wanted to maintain strict control over the diverse ethnic groups of the Balkans and take any land they could claim.
what is the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting to set peace terms with France after the French Revolution and to determine France’s punishment.
Who was involved in the Congress of Vienna?
Great Brittan, Prussia, Russia, and Austria
what were the results of the Congress of Vienna?
France would return to its previous borders, return to Monarchy, repay the European nations for damages and give Prussia land next to France.
What was Austria’s role in Europe from 1200-1914 A.D.?
The Habsburg dynasty controlled all social and political institutions in Europe at that time.
What was the March Revolution of 1848?
College students throughout Vienna, along with other radicals, began to riot. They demand a constitution, freedom of the press, the right to public amendment, and government reform.
who was the most relentless of the radical groups?
Hungarians
what did the Hungarians provoke Franz Joseph to do in 1867 in an attempt to save the empire?
to a duel monarchy in which the Hungarians could rule themselves within the Austrian Empire.
Who was Prussia Pre-WWI?
a region/kingdom north of Austria, in the German lands that were formed by a land grant from the Austrians (1700’s) in exchange for German warriors to fight for Austria.
Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
The Prime Minister of Prussia, who manipulated the weak Prussian king Wilhelm I, and was the real power behind Prussia.
What did Otto Von Bismarck believe about Prussia?
He believed that they were superior to all European nations and that all the German people should be united under their rule.
What was the German Confederation?
Under the control of Bismarck, the once scattered German States united into the modern nation of Germany in 1866.
what allowed for the creation of Germany in 1866-1871?
The Austro-Prussian War and the Franco- Prussian Wars
What was the 1873 Three Emperors’ League?
A formal alliance between Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany.
What was the Congress of Berlin in 1878?
a peace gathering among the large European nations that gives strict orders for no nation to have any involvement in the Balkans.
what did the Three Emperors’ League aim to do?
Vowed to protect conservatism and that no European nation would invade the Balkans.
What was Russia’s response to the Congress of Berlin and what did Germany and Austria do in retaliation?
Russia refuses to take orders and leaves the conference. Germany and Austria declare Russia an enemy and form an alliance against them.
What was the Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against France and Russia?
The Triple Alliance
why did Italy side with Germany and Austria-Hungary?
German diplomats convinced them that France would try to invade Northern Italy if war broke out.
what was the secret alliance with Russia that Bismarck signed promising neutrality if either nation got involved in a war?
the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887
what broke the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty?
the death of the German Emperor and transition to Emperor Wilhelm II who voided the secret treaty and forced Bismarck to “resign” (from life).
what was the alliance formed between Great Britain, France, and Russia?
The Triple Entente
why did France ally itself with Russia?
both found themselves at odds with the most powerful nations in Europe at the time.
What happened in the First Balkan War and what happened after it was won?
the Ottoman Empire fight Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria, and the rebels win, however they begin to argue over who gets the resulting land.
what was the second Balkan war over and who did it involve?
Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria fight to decide how to divide the land.
Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
the heir to the Austrian throne whos visit to Sarajevo led to his assassination which sparked the start of the first world war.
what happened on June 28th 1914?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated, which marks the start of the first World War.
what was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany’s plan to handle the two front war, where they planned to invade France first and then move on into Russia.
What was Italy’s role in the War?
Italy had only joined the Triple Alliance to defend against a possible invasion from France and they believed Germany would be a beneficial ally. However, Italy was disgusted by them and their aggression towards Belgium and quickly left the alliance after.
What countries were a part of the Allied Powers Alliance of WWI?
Great Britan, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States.
What were the countries that made up the Central Powers Alliance?
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
What was the Sept 1914 Battle of the Marne?
The first major battle of the war. it was an attempt to defend Paris from the german advance.
What was the Sept 1914 Battle of the Marne?
The first major battle of the war. it was an attempt to defend Paris from the german advance. Allied Powers managed to keep Central Powers out of Paris.
Describe Trench warfare.
Men used trenches to hide their advances and protect against enemy fire.
what was the negative impact derived from trench warfare?
Poor weather, disease, and gridlock made life very difficult for the soldiers.
what was the Battle of the (July 1st- Nov 18th, 1916) Somme?
The allied assault against the Central Powers. They gained less than 125 mi and 600,000 men were killed or wounded.
what is the record of which the Battle of the Somme holds?
the most men killed in one day; 58,000.
What was the battle of Verdun 1916?
The German campaign to invade France which cost 700,000 lives on both sides and was the longest and most aggressive battle of WWI.
The Russian people deposed the Tsar and began their revolution for liberty and self-rule which was the start of what?
The Russian Revolution
Who is Vladimir Lenin and what is he known for?
he was a radical communist who took control of the Russian Revolution and established the Petrograd Soviet (USSR).
What is the common belief among scholars of Germany’s involvement in the Russian Revolution?
The Germans provided Money and weapons that Lenin used to seize control so that Russia would be distracted from the war.
who were the Bolsheviks?
The followers of Lenin who believed that constant violent revolution was the only way to defend the average man against the upper class.
what was the American Foreign Policy at the start of WWI?
The U.S. refused to join either side (wanted to maintain Neutrality) however they did agree to provide food, manufactured goods, fabrics, and shoes. None of which violated U.S. Neutrality.
what were the German submarines created to destroy the British naval blockade?
U-boats (Unterseeboot)
what happened to the Lusitania in May of 1915?
the passenger ship was torpedoed off the coast of Ireland and 1,198 people died, 128 of which were Americans.
What did the Wison 1915 Ultimatum consist of?
demands for the Germans to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, he also stated that if the germans sunk any further passenger or merchant ship, it would be cause for war.
what is the telegram called that was sent from Germany to an ambassador in Mexico that asked Mexico to invade the U.S. to distract them from the war, but was intercepted by the British and given to the U.S.?
The Zimmerman Telegram
When was the War Declaration of the U.S. made and why?
it was made on April 2nd, 1917 due to German U-boats sinking unarmed merchant ships and other threats of unrestricted submarine warfare.
who is Erich Ludendorff and what is he known for?
he was the chief German military commander who decided to make one last push west to end the stalemate in France and win the war.
what happened on September 29th 1918?
Ludendorff told German officers that the war was lost and they needed to make peace.
What is Armistice Day?
November 11th, 1918; the day of peace, Germany surrenders to the allied powers.
What are the demands of the Treaty of Versailles?
–War Guilt Clause- Germany takes full blame
–Reparations- Germany must pay all damages
–Military Restrictions- Cut army 100,000 with a reduce in navy.
–Territories- give back all the conquered land
–Demilitarized Zone- all land 30 mi East of the Rhine river was to be unarmed by Germany
–required that all the nations must consult with the league before declaring war (with the exception of the U.S.)
What was the League of Nations and what were its goals?
A league of Nations that would attempt to prevent future wars. It would be a place for nations to gather peacefully to resolve their issues without causing global war.
why did the U.S. Senate refuse to join the League of Nations despite Woodrow Wilson’s hand in its creation?
They believed the U.S. Senate reserves the right to declare war on whomever they see fit.
Who was Woodrow Wilson and what was his involvement in the end of WWI?
He was the U.S. President who claimed neutrality for most of the war. Then after their involvement leads to the winning of the war, helps lead the Treaty of Versailles session, and aids in creating the League of Nations.
