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Ms. Wright Western Civ 102 > Unit One Test: The Age of Exploration - The French Revolution > Flashcards

Unit One Test: The Age of Exploration - The French Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Silk Road?

A

It was the main trade route between Europe and Asia.

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2
Q

Who was the first to establish trade on the silk road?

A

Marco Polo

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3
Q

What Italian explorer believed India could be reached via the west, and then sailed to try and find an alternate route to make trade more accessible, but got lost and ended up in South America?

A

Christopher Columbus

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4
Q

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator, and what were his accomplishments?

A

He was one of the first cartographers and he originated from Portugal. He is renowned for exploring and documenting the north Coast of Africa.

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5
Q

Who was the first explorer to reach and name (the Cape of Good Hope) the tip of Africa by staying in close view of the coast the whole journey?

A

Bartholomew Dias

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6
Q

Who was the first to sail around the tip of Africa to reach India? In turn, he discovered enough spices to cover the cost of his trip 60 times over.

A

Vasco da Gama

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7
Q

What Florentine explorer popularized the idea that “America” was a separate continent? He was also so well-liked that they named the continents after him.

A

Amerigo Vespucci

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8
Q

What explorer was posthumously credited with the first known circumnavigation of the world after discovering the passage around South America, naming the Pacific ocean, and dying in the Philippines?

A

Ferdinand Magellan

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9
Q

What is Imperialism?

A

Forming an empire by colonizing foreign lands.

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10
Q

In the 1700’s who had formed the largest and most powerful empire in the world and used it to subjugate most of the known world?

A

Great Britain

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11
Q

The British would treat colonists like tools for economic gain and not as Humans with rights. They often force the natives/colonists to harvest materials to be then brought back to Europe to me manufactured. Then they forced the colonists to buy it back at inflated prices. What is this all called?

A

Entrapment

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12
Q

Many nations captured natives as slaves and forced them to harvest crops in the colonies, what was the trade route this would take place on?

A

The Atlantic Slave Trade

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13
Q

What was the path followed in the Atlantic slave trade where Europeans would capture slaves in Africa, send them to the Americas, and then what was produced was sent back to Europe?

A

The Triangular Trade

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14
Q

What is a Paradigm?

A

A set of assumptions, concepts, and values that define a world view.

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15
Q

What caused the Paradigm shift of the Scientific revolution in the 1600s?

A

Religious viewpoints began to be challenged due to the notably large amounts of corruption as well as the scientific achievements being made at the time.

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16
Q

What Polish clergyman wanted to observe the skies to prove the majesty of the creator and in turn discovered the Earth and planets revolved around the sun? He also refused to publish his findings unit the year he died (1543) out of fear of persecution from the church.

A

Copernicus (1473-1543)

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17
Q

What is the Heliocentric Model?

A

Earth and the planets revolved around a fixed sun at the center of the solar system.

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18
Q

Who believed mathematics could explain the mysteries of the universe and determined the planet’s speed depended on its distance from the sun.

A

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

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19
Q

Who is known as the Father of Astronomy and one of the first scientists to use a telescope to view the skies?

A

Galileo Galilee (1564-1642)

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20
Q

Galileo’s claims that the Copernican thesis was valid caused him to be imprisoned and excessively tortured by the Catholic church. What do we call the period leading up to his imprisonment and in what year did it take place?

A

the Papal Inquisition (aka the Roman Inquisition) in 1633

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21
Q

Who promoted the use of experimental evidence instead of public opinion and birthed the Scientific process.

A

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

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22
Q

A set of steps to determine a theory’s validity bt forming a hypothesis, testing it, gathering data, and repeating the experiment is called what?

A

The Scientific Method

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23
Q

Who developed Calculus and used mathematic formulas to define the laws of motion and gravity?

A

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

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24
Q

All objects attract each other with a force that is directly dependent upon the mass of both objects and the distance between them is a Law of Nature often referred to as what?

A

The Law of Universal Attraction

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25
Q

A large merchant class formed during the industrial revolution who had a bit of extra time and money to spend on goods and services is referred to as what?

A

The Middle Class

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26
Q

What was the Agricultural effect of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Technology improved crop yields, through innovated technologies and selective breeding of plants and animals increased the availability of food.

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27
Q

What is Proletarianization, and how did it affect peasants at the time of the Industrial revolution?

A

It is where the upper-class abuses the lower-classes due to power imbalances. Peasants were often kicked off their land, forced to move to overcrowded cities and work as unskilled labor in factories.

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28
Q

These factories produced fabrics and were the first successful industries of the revolution.

A

Textile Mills

29
Q

Who invented the spinning Jenny?

A

James Hargreaves

30
Q

What is a Spinning Jenny and what is it used for?

A

It is a machine that produced ten times more yarn and thread than a single spinning wheel could.

31
Q

Who developed the first efficient and profitable steam engine?

A

James Watt

32
Q

What is a steam engine?

A

A source of power to factories, mills, locomotives (trains), and steamboats.

33
Q

What is the Rocket of 1830 and who built it?

A

The first locomotive (train) built by George Stephenson.

34
Q

How fast could the Rocket go?

A

16 Miles per hour

35
Q

What was the standard of living like in the cities for lower-class people?

A

Crowded, unheated, poor due to low wages, and unsanitary.

36
Q

What law reduced the number of work hours per day for children?

A

The Factory Act of 1833

37
Q

what were the hours children could work post-factory Act?

A

Children 9-13 could work only 8hrs a day and children 14-18 could work up to 12hrs a day.

38
Q

what was the direct tax passed by the British parliament without the consent of the colonists and what was it for?

A

The Stamp Act: all printed materials had an additional tax. everything from newspapers, pamphlets, bills, legal documents, marriage licenses, almanacs, dice and playing cards were covered under this tax.

39
Q

Who were the Sons of Liberty?

A

An underground organization who protested unfair taxes and supported boycotts of British goods.

40
Q

A snowball fight between colonists and British Soldiers turned into a deadly shoot-out.

A

The Boston Massacre of 1770

41
Q

What was the Boston Tea Party of 1773?

A

Britain placed a heavy tax on tea and tried to force colonists to buy it. So in the middle of the night the men turned the containers of tea into the harbor in protest.

42
Q

What were the first two battles of the revolution?

A

Lexington and Concord in April of 1775.

43
Q

A colonial militia made up of mostly farmers who were ready at a moment’s notice to defend against the British assault.

A

The Minutemen

44
Q

What petition letter was sent to King George the Third demanding representation and the rights of Englishmen for the colonists and returned unopened?

A

The Olive Branch Petition

45
Q

What was written on July 4th, 1776 and listed the wrong doings of the King and the colonists’ right to form their own government?

A

The Declaration of Independence

46
Q

Washington launched a sneak attack on British troops on Christmas Eve and was a crucial victory that boosted morale, what was it called?

A

The Battle of Trenton in 1776

47
Q

Washington’s camp in the winter of 1777-78 where the troops barely survived and were limited on food, water, and supplies was named what?

A

Valley Forge

48
Q

What was the last battle of the War in which the colonists defeat the British with the aid of the French?

A

The Battle of Yorktown in 1781.

49
Q

What was the representative body of France pre-revolution that was composed of three estates?

A

The Estates General

50
Q

What was the first estate comprised of?

A

the clergy, whom did not have to pay taxes by owned land and had influence.

51
Q

Who occupied the Second Estate?

A

The nobility, who paid very little taxes, owned most of the land and had the most influence.

52
Q

Who occupied the Third Estate?

A

The commoners paid the most taxes and owned no land or influence.

53
Q

who were the rising Middle class comprised of blacksmiths, bankers, lawyers, and doctors and who earned wealth equivalent to or greater than that of the nobility but had no political rights?

A

The Bourgeoisie

54
Q

What was the new representative body formed by the Third Estate to meet the needs of the commoners?

A

The National Assembly (July 9th, 1789)

55
Q

What was the Bastille?

A

A royal prison housed the king’s enemies and a large arsenal of weapons.

56
Q

What was the Storming of the Bastille (July 14th, 1789)?

A

The commoners rioted and stormed the Bastille, released all the prisoners, and steal all the weaponry. Then they marched to Versailles to intimidate the king into giving them rights.

57
Q

what is the constitution formed by the National Assembly called?

A

The Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26th, 1789)

58
Q

Why were Louis XVI (January 21st, 1793) and his wife Marie Antoinette (October 16th, 1793) executed?

A

He plotted a coup d’etat to kill the leaders of the National Assembly but was found out and tried for treason.

59
Q

Who was the most influential member of the National Assembly that took control during the chaos following the royal executions?

A

Maximilien Robespierre (June 1793)

60
Q

What was the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794?

A

Robespierre promised to provide for the needs of the common man, but when he was questioned or challenged he would have them brutally executed for opposing him. he managed to murder 16,000 people via guillotine in just 9 months.

61
Q

When Robesierre was overthrown and executed by the people for his abuse of power, it was called what?

A

The Radical Revolution of 1794

62
Q

what was the Directory of 1795?

A

A five-man council was chosen to share power and stop another tyrant from rising to power in France. However, the men argued constantly and could never agree so France remained in anarchy.

63
Q

who was Napoleon Bonaparte?

A

He was a member of the directory that took over power and promised to bring stability and national Peace. He went on to become a warmongering “Emperor”.

64
Q

what were the laws called that Napoleon created to “protect” the new republic, but actually limited the rights of the people?

A

The Napoleonic Code

65
Q

What was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and why did Napolean do it?

A

Napolean sells his colonial possessions in the new world to the United States for 15 million dollars, to fund his naval war with Britain.

66
Q

What ultimately led to the start of the downfall of Napoleon’s conquests and his rule not long after?

A

The Invasion of Russia

67
Q

Why did Napoleon fail to invade Russia?

A

He invaded in the winter on unfamiliar terrain so it didn’t take long for Russians to out maneuver him. Cutting off his food supply and eventually leading them into an ambush that decimated his armies forcing them to retreat.

68
Q

Where was Napolean imprisoned before escapiing and returning to France to attempt to retake Paris?

A

Elba Island

69
Q

Napolean attemted to recapture Paris but was defeated, captured, and dies in prison after what battle?

A

The Battle of Waterloo on June 18th 1815

Ms. Wright Western Civ 102 (4 decks)

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