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BIO 112 > Unit Two Review > Flashcards

Unit Two Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is true of a diploid organism?
a. all of its gametes have two copies of every gene
b. all of its somatic cells have two copies of every gene
c. all of its somatic cells have one copy of every chromosome

A

b. all of its somatic cells have two copies of every gene

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2
Q

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
a. Genes are pieces of DNA, chromosomes are genes held together by centromeres
b. A chromosome is a single molecule of DNA. A gene is a specific region of DNA on a chromosome
c. Genes are made of DNA and chromosomes
d. Chromosomes are made of DNA. multiple chromosomes are found in a single gene.

A

b. A chromosome is a single molecule of DNA. A gene is a specific region of DNA on a chromosome

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3
Q

Which of the following best describes a pair of homologous chromosomes?
a. a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes, but arranged in a different order, and with potentially different alleles of some of the genes.
b. a pair of chromosomes that have the same alleles of the same genes arranged in the same order
c. a pair of chromosomes that have different alleles of the same genes arranged in different order
d. a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order but possibly with different alleles of some of the genes.

A

d. a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order but possibly with different alleles of some of the genes.

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4
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a homologous pair of chromosomes in prophase of meiosis-1?
a. four replicated chromosomes, each of which is one double-stranded DNA molecule
b. four replicated chromosomes, each of which is two double-stranded DNA molecules
c. Two replicated chromosomes, each of which is one double-stranded DNA molecule
d. Two replicated chromosomes, each of which is two double-stranded DNA molecules

A

d. Two replicated chromosomes, each of which is two double-stranded DNA molecules

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5
Q

During which phases of the cell cycle are different alleles of the same gene separated?
a. meiosis 1
b. meiosis 2
c. meiosis 1 and mitosis
d. meiosis 2 and mitosis
e. meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis

A

a. meiosis 1

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6
Q

During which phases of the cell cycle are homologous chromosomes separated?
a. meiosis 1
b. meiosis 2
c. meiosis 1 and mitosis
d. meiosis 2 and mitosis
e. meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis

A

a. meiosis 1

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7
Q

During which phases of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated?
a. meiosis 1
b. meiosis 2
c. meiosis 1 and mitosis
d. meiosis 2 and mitosis
e. meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis

A

d. meiosis 2 and mitosis

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8
Q

During which phases of the cell cycle does a diploid cell becomes haploid?
a. meiosis 1
b. meiosis 2
c. meiosis 1 and mitosis
d. meiosis 2 and mitosis
e. meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis

A

a. meiosis 1

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9
Q

How many copies of each gene are present in somatic cells of a diploid organism following s phase when the DNA of the chromosomes was replicated in preparation for cell division?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8

A

c. 4

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10
Q

How many copies of each chromosome are present in the somatic cells of a diploid organism following s phase when the DNA of the chromosomes was replicated in preparation for cell division?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8

A

c. 4

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11
Q

How many copies of each gene are present in the gametes of a diploid organism at the end of meiosis 1?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8

A

b. 2

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12
Q

How many copies of each gene are present in the gametes of a diploid organism at the end of meiosis 2?
a. 1
b.2
c. 4
d. 8

A

a. 1

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13
Q

Which of the following is the ultimate origin of genetic variation?
a. recombination
b. mutation
c. genetic drift
d. descent with modification
e. natural selection

A

b. mutation

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14
Q

endangered species with very small populations are especially at risk of loss of genetic diversity due to which of the following?
a. mutation
b. natural selection
c. nonrandom mating
d. gene flow
e. genetic drift

A

e. genetic drift

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15
Q

Which of the following is not a condition that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a. individuals with different genotypes are equally likely to survive and reproduce
b. there is no migration of individuals in or out of population
c. there is no sexual selection .mating is random
d. new alleles arise by mutation.

A

d. new alleles arise by mutation.

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16
Q

If a plant with red flower color is crossed with a plant that produces all white flowers, what is the probability that the offspring will include plants that have white flowers?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. there is not enough information to say

A

e. there is not enough information to say

17
Q

As the industrial revolution progressed in nineteenth century england, the color of the pepper moth shifted from light to dark. this is an example of which of the following?
a. stabilizing selection
b. disruptive selection
c. directional selection

A

c. directional selection

18
Q

Robins typically lay four eggs. Larger clutches with more eggs result in malnourished chicks, while smaller clutches often result in no viable offspring. the number of eggs in a typical clutch of robins’ eggs is an example of which of the following?
a. stabilizing selection
b. disruptive selection
c. directional selection

A

a. stabilizing selection

19
Q

selection that favors the survival of individuals that vary in both directions from the average
a. directional selection
b. disruptive selection
c. stabilizing selection

A

b. disruptive selection

20
Q

Characters that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor are ____; characters that are similar due to convergent evolution are ___.
a. homologous; analogous
b. analogous; homologous
c. similar; analogous
d. analogous; similar

A

a. homologous; analogous

21
Q

Which of the following is true of population bottlenecks?
a. they tend to increase genetic variation of a population
b. they rarely result in a change in allele frequencies
c. they arise from severe reduction in population size
d. they come about when individuals from one population migrate and join another population

A

c. they arise from severe reduction in population size

22
Q

Which of the following is true about mistakes that occur during the replication of DNA?
a. they occur when an organism requires then
b. they are always repaired by DNA polymerase
c. they provide genetic variation
d. they are most often beneficial to the organism
e. they are almost always deleterious to an organism

A

c. they provide genetic variation

23
Q

Gene flow is best described as an exchange of genetic information between
a. individuals
b. populations
c. males and females
d. chromosomes

A

b. populations

24
Q

When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism:
a. lives longer than others of its species
b. mates more frequently than others of its species
c. leaves more viable offspring than others of its species
d. utilizes resources more efficiently than other species occupying the same niches, or habitats
e. competes more successfully for resources than others of its species

A

c. leaves more viable offspring than others of its species

25
Q

in the gene pool of a population with 100 individuals, an extinct allele for a particular gene locus has a frequency of:
a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1
d.100

A

a. 0

26
Q

In the gene pool of a population with 100 individuals, a fixed alleles for a particular gene locus has a frequency of:
a. 100
b. 1
c. 0.5
d. 0

A

b. 1

27
Q

The average length of rabit ears decreases gradually with increasing latitude. this is an example of:
a. directional selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. disruptive selection
d. genetic drift

A

a. directional selection

28
Q

natural selection changes allele frequencies in populations because some ___ survive and reproduce more successfully than others.
a. populations
b. species
c. individuals
d. gene pools
e. alleles

A

c. individuals

29
Q

Black- bellied seedcrackers, a species of bird in west africa, includes individuals with larger bills which can crack hard seeds and smaller bill sizes that help birds feed efficiently on soft seeds, but relatively few birds with intermediate sized bills. this came about as a result of:
a. stabilizing selection
b. directional selection
c. disruptive selection

A

c. disruptive selection

30
Q

the biological species concept states that species are actually or potentially ___ populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups:
a. cohabitating
b. interbreeding
c. naturally selected
d. physically similar
e. genetically identical

A

b. interbreeding

31
Q

imagine a very deep lake with multiple species of fish. the lake has many different regions. A phylogeny of the fish shows that they have all descended from a common ancestor. Which of the following is the most likely cause of speciation in fishes in this lake?
a. sympatric speciation
b. peripatric speciation
c. allopatric speciation

A

a. sympatric speciation

32
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the linnaean taxonomic levels from least inclusive to most inclusive?
a. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
b. kingdom, phylum, order, class, family genus, species
c. genus, species, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
d. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
e. genus, species, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

A

d. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

BIO 112 (3 decks)

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