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Psych 30 > Unit Two - Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Unit Two - Prenatal Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Heredity

A

Process of transmitting biological traits from parent to offspring through genes (the basic units of heredity).

Inherited characteristics including traits like: height, eye colour, blood type, skin type/colour, gender.

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2
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and how genes work. Genes are sections of DnA that carry information for construction of proteins

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Humans have 23 chromosomes. The only chromosome that is different for men and women is the 23rd pair is the sex chromosome - X for women, Y for men - that determines gender.

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4
Q

Autosome

A

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same between men and women.

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5
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A prenatal medical test to determine whether a fetus is developing normally. A procedure done between 12-16 weeks. Sample of amniotic fluid is taken by syringe, and it rests for chromosomal or metabolic disorders.

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6
Q

Ultrasound Sonograohy

A

Procedure of high frequency sound waves directed into abdomen, and the echo is transformed into a visual image of the fetus’s inner structure.

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7
Q

Chorionic Villus Test

A

Small sample of the placenta is removed between 8-11 weeks

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8
Q

Maternal Blood Test

A

Diagnostic test to assess neural tube defects (first thing to form in the womb). Administered at 14-20 weeks only if at risk for child defects in the formation of the brain/spinal cord.

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9
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell. Male: sperm. Female: egg. 23rd chromosome. Has one set of chromosomes.

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10
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg cell. (2 sets of chromosomes [male and female], and divides up to holding 150 cells inside.) A zygote lasts for 2 weeks, and after 2 weeks it implants into uterus wall (confirmed pregnancy).

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11
Q

Blastocyst

A

The next stage after zygote. Fertilized egg cell…cell division stage where cells become types (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm).

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12
Q

Trophoblast

A

Out later of cells surrounding blastocyst, which will eventually become the placenta.

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13
Q

In Vitro Fertilization

A

Ova are surgically removed from the ovaries, fertilized by sperm in the lab, and allowed to divide until the 16 or 32 cell stage. Cells are inserted into the uterus. Implants in uterine wall. Expensive, invasive, Success rate just under 20%.

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14
Q

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer

A

A doctor inserts egg and sperm directly into the woman’s fallopian tube. Inserts a catheter through the abdomen wall about 3cm deep. Success rate is almost 30%.

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15
Q

Intrauterine (artificial) Insemination

A 
Frozen sleep (from a husband or donor) is placed directly into the uterus, by passing the cervix and upper  vagina. There it naturally seeks out the 
egg. Success rate is about 10%. Most natural option. Take fertility drugs, done with ultrasound. Less painful/invasive.
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16
Q

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer

A

Zygote is fertilized, up to 2 weeks. Zygotes are implanted into fallopian tube, just like GIFT procedure. Success rate is 25%. After 12 weeks, chances of miscarriage falls drastically. Will implant 4-5 embryos at a time knowing many will not survive.

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17
Q

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

A

A doctor who uses a microscopic instrument to object a single spend from a man’s ejaculate into the egg in a lab. Zygote is returned into the woman’s body. Success rate is about 25%.

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18
Q

First Stage of Birth

A

Longest stage, lasts an average of 12-24 hours. Uterine contractions are 15-20 minutes apart and last up to a minute. Contractions chase the cervix to stretch and open. Intensity grows as contractions become closer together, and the cervix dilated to an opening of 8-10cm.

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19
Q

Second Stage of Birth

A

Baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal. Stage ends after the baby passes from the mother’s body, which takes about 1.5 hours.

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20
Q

Third Stage

A

Afterbirth. The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled from the mothers body and lasts only minutes.

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21
Q

Standard Birth Position

A

The mother is taken to the hospital where a doctor is responsible for the baby’s birth.

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22
Q

Leboyer Method

A

Intended to make birth less stressful for infant. Is against holding infants upside down and slapping them, putting silver nitrate in their eyes, separating mother and child, etc. Baby is placed on the mother’s stomach, so the mother can caress and bond with the infant. Then, the infant is placed in a warm bath.

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23
Q

Lamaze Method

A

Widely used strategy. Deep breathing exercises used to cope with the pain of childbirth and reduce medication.

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24
Q

Caesarean Section

A

Popular if mother has STI. Surgical removal of baby from the Uterus. Usually performed if there are complications. Recovery 6-8 weeks, takes 5 minutes to remove, 45 minutes to suture up.

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25
Q

Water Birth

A

A home birth using a tub with warm water to deliver in. Midwives are present and are prepared for complications. Mother can catch her child.

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26
Q

Precipitate Delivery

A

Delivery is too quick, takes less than 10 minutes. Can disturb the infants normal flow of blood and pressure on the head and cause hemorrhaging

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27
Q

Dystocia

A

A too long delivery, can cause skull fractures.

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28
Q

Anoxia

A

Insufficient supply of oxygen to the infant if delivery takes too long. Immediately causes poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, etc. Mild anoxia may make babies irritable and delay motor/cognitive development. Severe anoxia may lead to brain damage, Cerebral Palsy, or death.

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29
Q

Placenta Previa

A

When the placenta blocks the natural birth canal. Is caused by abnormal uterus, multiple precious pregnancies, twins, scarring if uterine walk from Caesarian or abortion. Risk to mother: death, major bleeding, school. Risk to infant: death.

30
Q

Breech Position

A

When baby is bum down not head first. 90-95% of breech deliveries are done by Caesarian.

31
Q

Meconium Aspiration

A

When fetus’s first feces is passed in the womb or during delivery and may inhale the meconium and amniotic fluid which can lead to suffocation.

32
Q

Spontaneous Abortion

A

Known as miscarriage if occurs before 20 weeks viability. When a non viable fetus and placenta are expelled from the body at a stage too early for the fetus to survive. Effects 1/4 women. Caused by chromosomal defects, hormone imbalance, severe infection, etc.

33
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Abnormal pregnancy that happens outside of the uterus where the fetus cannot grow. Occurs 1/250 pregnancies. Caused by physical blockage, smoking, etc. Ws fetus grows, it will outgrow the organ and causes it to rupture.

34
Q

Low Birth Weight

A

When babies are born under 5 1/2 pounds and will have life long health problems, slower development, and are at high risk of infant mortality. May have learning difficulties, vision problems, asthma, cerebral palsy. Caused by stress, multiple pregnancies, maternal poverty (overcrowded area, inadequate prenatal care, etc.) Maternal malnutrition (usually teenagers) and a preterm birth also play a role.

35
Q

PKU

A

Inherited genetic condition. Trouble breaking down sugar in the body. Child “smells sour”. Learning disabilities.

36
Q

Hemophilia

A

Inherited blood disorder and cannot clot blood. Life threatening.

37
Q

Club Foot

A

Potentially inherited. Ankles and feet point onward (tendons are constricting.) Surgery to correct, then cast for healing. More common for females, but more severe with males.

38
Q

Cleft Palate / Lip

A

Incomplete formation of the lip/roof of the mouth. Sucking for milk is impossible without corrective surgery. Failure to develop, not genetic.

39
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited genetic disorder. Thick mucous excreted internally (breathing/digestive) Can effect reproductive system. No cure, lifelong.

40
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Spinal column is exposed during development, Undeveloped parts of nervous system.

41
Q

Germinal Stage

A

First two weeks of development, rapid cell division. Implants on uterus wall. Cells differentiate into two layers: Blastocyst (inner layer that becomes the embryo) and the Trophoblast (outer layer that becomes placenta and yolk sac.

42
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Most important. Period of 2-8 weeks after conception. The embryo develops and the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac develop as well. At the end of this stage major organs are working as well as the heart and circulation.

43
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer of cells that produces internal body parts (respiratory system, digestive system).

44
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer becomes the skeleton, circulation system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system.

45
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of cells that become skin, the nervous system and sensory receptors.

46
Q

Fetal Perjod

A

Period of 2-9 months. Fetus first starts moving arms and legs, then has growth spurts, develop toe and fingernails, eyes and eyelids, and fatty tissues develop. 10wks-20wks mostly grows in size, 21-40 weeks grows in weight.

47
Q

Gastrulation

A

When cell differentiation begins and the types of tissues begin to form the human body. Blastocyst begins to fold in on itself to crest the three layers of the body.

48
Q

Notochord

A

Spinal column. A cylinder of cells in the mesoderm.

49
Q

Neurulation Stage

A

Formation of the nervous system. Around the third week of gestation the notochord sends out a molecular signal that causes cells of the ectoderm to thicken into individualized plates. Mesoderm thickens and divides into structures called Somites. Endoderm is the yolk sac that gradually reduces i size.

50
Q

Somites

A

In the mesoderm and are the beginnings of musculature and the skeleton.

51
Q

Myelin

A

The insulation layer of fat in the neuron which is responsible for the speed and energy.

52
Q

Forebrain

A

Large part of brain/ critical in thinking and languages

53
Q

Mid brain

A

Between hind and forebrain / relays info to eyes and ears

54
Q

Hindbrain

A

lowest portion of brain / controls motor development

55
Q

First Stage of Brain Development

A

Most neurons produced between 10-26 weeks after conception. Fetal brain cells are generated at 250000/minute.

56
Q

Second Stage of Brain Development

A

Cell migration. Cells ice to their appropriate locations. Complete by 7 months.

57
Q

Third Stage of Brain Development

A

Neuron adina and dendrites grow and form connections with other cells. This continues for many years after both

58
Q

Throughout Brain Development

A

Myelantion begins prenatally and continues after birth. Myelin Insulates neuron and increases the speed of information which travels through the nervous system.

59
Q

Fetal Sensory

A

Not a passive passenger. Intellectual brain based interactions Responds to touch, sound @ 22 weeks

60
Q

Birth Order

A

The personality attributes contributed to the children born in a certain order (oldest, middle, youngest).

61
Q

First Born

A

Logical and knowledgeable. Smarter on average, better educated, earn more money, favourites.

62
Q

Middle Born

A

Diplomatic, rebellious, competitive. Confusing - depends on the ages of siblings. Peacekeepers, less decisive, less connected to family members - not as needy.

63
Q

Last born / Youngest

A

Mistakes, extreme activities, More sensitive. More adventurous, more agreeable. Hard working.

64
Q

Extroversion

A

Tendency to be outgoing, assertive, and active. Like attention.

65
Q

Agreeableness

A

Tendency to be kind, helpful, and easy going. Social, friendly, pleasant, easy to be around, develops strong relationships.

66
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Tendency to be organized, deliberate, and conforming. Disciplined, deliberate, loyal, hard working, committed to standard.

67
Q

Neuroticism

A

Tendency to be anxious, moody, and self-punishing. Emotionally unstable, Depressed, diva.

68
Q

Openness

A

Tendency to be imaginative, curious, artistic, and welcoming of new experiences. Insightful, love risks.

69
Q

Microsystem

A

First level of influence - peers, family, school, community, etc.

70
Q

Ecosystem

A

Second level of influence - neighbors, mass media, social welfare.

71
Q

Macro system

A

Most removed level of influence. Province, country, government, economics, culture, etc.

Psych 30 (3 decks)

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