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a-level biology > UNIT TWO - Cells - Cell structure > Flashcards

UNIT TWO - Cells - Cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Define eukaryotic cell

A

cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus

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2
Q

define a prokaryotic cell

A

cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus

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3
Q

name examples are eukaryotes

A

plants
animals
fungi
protists

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4
Q

Describe the function of a nucleus

A

contains the genetic material in the form of chromatin which is made of DNA and histone proteins

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5
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

to carry out protein synthesis

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6
Q

Describe the function of a rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes on its outer surface which synthesis proteins . It the transports proteins through the cell

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7
Q

Describe the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes and transports lipids

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8
Q

Describe the function of a golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins from the RER into vesicles for secretion

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9
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

these are vesicles containing lysozymes which are digestive enzymes which cause hydrolysis eg - of invading pathogens or worn out organelles

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10
Q

Describe the function of mitochondria

A

carry out aerobic respiration and produce ATP

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11
Q

Describe the function of a cell surface membrane

A

controls movements of substances into and out of cell

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12
Q

Describe the function of a chloroplast

A

The site of photosynthesis

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13
Q

Describe the function of a cell wall

A

gives cells support and prevents them from bursting

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14
Q

Describe the function of a cell vacuole

A

helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleus

A

It has a double membrane with pores that allows substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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16
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A

made of proteins and rRNA
consists of a small sub unit and a large sub unit
float free in cytoplasm or are attached to the rough endlplasmic reticulum
Eukaryotes contain 80s ribosomes

17
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

made of flattened membrane sac called cisternae

18
Q

Describe the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

made of flattened membrane sac called cisternae

19
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria

A

have a double membrane
the inner membrane is folded to form cristae (singular = crista)
They have their own DNA and ribosomes
They have a matrix which contains DNA, ribosomes and enzymes for aerobic respiration

20
Q

Describe the structure of a cell wall

A

Made of cellulose in plants and aglae

Made of chitin in fungi

21
Q

Describe the structure of a cell vacuole

A

contains cell sap and has a surrounding membrane called the tonoplast

22
Q

Name the features of a chloroplasts’ structure

A 
Granum 
thylakoid membrane
stroma
starch grains
DNA and ribosomes
23
Q

Define the granum of a chloroplast

A

a stack of thylakoid membranes - increases the surface area for absorption of sun light

24
Q

Define the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast

A

contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis - increases the surface area for absorption of sun light

25
Q

Define the stroma of a chloroplast

A

fluid filled matrix that contains enzymes for some of the photosynthetic reactions

26
Q

Define the starch grains of a chloroplast

A

the storage molecule in plants - a polysaccharide that doesn’t effect the water potential of the cell

27
Q

Define the DNA and ribosomes of a chloroplast

A

chloroplasts have their own to make enzymes needed for photosynthesis

28
Q

In terms of cells and cell structure , describe the process of producing and secreting proteins

A
  1. DNA in the cell’s nucleus is what codes for proteins
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus
  3. protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes and the mitochondria produces ATP for this reaction
  4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports protein from ribosomes to golgi apparatus
  5. golgi apparatus modifies and packages protein into vesicle
  6. vesicles transport proteins to the cell surface membrane and fuse with the cell surface membrane
29
Q

List the organelles that all prokaryotic cells have

A 
cytoplasm
ribosomes
cell surface membrane
cell wall
free DNA
30
Q

List the organelles that some prokaryotic cells have

A

capsule
plasmids
flagellum

31
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell wall

A

made of murein - a glycoprotein

32
Q

Describe a plasmid

A

circular piece of DNA seperate from the main loop of DNA

33
Q

What to prokaryotes have instead of a nucleus

A

single, circular piece of DNA that is free in the cytoplasm and coiled up

34
Q

What is a flagellum

A

long hair like structure that aids movement of some prokaryotes

35
Q

How is prokaryotic DNA different to eukaryotic DNA

A

prokaryotic DNA is … .

shorter with fewer chains
doesn't contain introns 
floats free in the cytoplasm
its circular as opposed to linear 
its not associated with histone proteins
only one piece of DNA or present as plasmids

a-level biology (6 decks)

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