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Human Biology > Unit Two Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit Two Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why we need a circulatory system

A

Because humans have large surface areas
It provides at least five major functions that are essential to life

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2
Q

What is the function of the arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Blood circulated from the heart through the arteries to the capillaries, then to the vein before returning back to the heart it’s blood moved away from the heart,

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3
Q

Why is it important that the blood pressure is higher in the capillaries than on the tissue

A

Allows for pressure filtration

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4
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

For support and to bind other tissues together
Contains elastic fibres

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5
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

Regulated blood flow by contracting and relaxing
Thinner layer than arteries

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6
Q

Describe endotheliums

A

A thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels

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7
Q

Why is it important that the walls of the arteries are elastic

A

To accommodate the surge of blood after each contraction of the heart

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8
Q

Explain the terms vasodilation and Vasoconstriction and describe how this occurs

A

-contractions the diameter of central lumen decreases this decreases blood flow
Relax causing vasodilation. The diameter of the central lumen increases and this increases blood flow

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9
Q

Explain importance of vasodilation and vasoconstriction to blood flow

A

Contract causing vasoconstriction- reduce blood flow to extremities can reduce heat loss, divert blood flow to muscles
Relax causing vasodilation. Redirect blood to extremities or where blood is needed

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10
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Allow exchange of substances carried in the blood with the body tissues

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11
Q

Describe endothelium

A

Wider central lumen than arteries

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12
Q

Describe valves

A

Stops the back flow of blood

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13
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

A watery fluid that is around cells. And contains essential substances for life

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14
Q

How does oxygen get into tissue fluid

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

What substances is delivered to tissue

A

Water
Nutrients
White blood cells
WWN

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16
Q

What substances are taken away from the tissue

A

CO2

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17
Q

How is the osmotic pressure of blood maintained

A

Most of the tissue fluid returns to the blood

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18
Q

Explain the movement of fluid

A

Blood goes in
Tissue fluid comes out
Tissue fluid comes back in

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19
Q

List the substances contained in the returning tissue fluid

A

Co2
Metabolic waste
Water

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20
Q

99% of tissue fluid returns to the blood. What happens to the other 1%

A

Becomes lymph

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21
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

To pump blood around the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products

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22
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood

A

To the whole body

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23
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood

A

Deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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24
Q

Define heart rate

A

No. Of beats per minute

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25
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Vol of blood pumped out by the ventricle during contraction ie per beat

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26
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute

(Normally 5L/ minute)

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27
Q

What is responsible for the heart sound heard with a stethoscope

A

AV + SL valves opening and closing

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28
Q

Describe the stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole
Atrial and ventricular diastole(0.4 sec)
During diastole, blood returning to the atria flows (passively) into the ventricles through the open atrio-ventricular
AV valves

AV valves open SL valves closed

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29
Q

What does there term myogenic mean

A

This means that it does not need an electrical impulse for in order to contract

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30
Q

Describe the function of the sino atrial node

A

The timing of cardiac muscle cell contraction is controlled by impulses from the SAN spreading through the atria causing atrial systole

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31
Q

Describe the function of the atrio-ventricular node

A

Impulses from the AVN travel down fibres in central walls of the ventricles causing ventricular systole

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32
Q

Why is it important that there is coordination in this sequence of events

A

So heart can pump blood efficiently

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33
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Impulses in the heart generate currents that can be detected by an electrocardiogram

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34
Q

In an electrocardiogram what is the points

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Diastole
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35
Q

Describe the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on heart rate

A

Releases a noradrenaline which increases the heart rate

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36
Q

Describe the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart rate

A

Releases acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate

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37
Q

How is blood pressure generated

A

By the contractions of the heart

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38
Q

How is blood pressure measured

A

Sphygmomanometer
The cuff is inflated to stop blood flow in the artery
The cuff then deflates gradually the blood starts to flow(detected by a pulse) at systolic pressure
The blood flows freely through the artery and a pulse is not detected at diastolic pressure

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39
Q

What is a systolic pressure measuring

A

the pressure of your blood when your heart is contracting

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40
Q

What is the diastolic pressure measuring

A

the pressure of your blood when your heart is relaxing

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41
Q

What is a Typical blood pressure reading

A

120/80 mmHg

42
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading from a hypertensive patient

A

Over 140/90 mmHg

43
Q

What medical conditions can hypertension(high blood pressure) lead to

A

Coronary heart disease
Strokes

44
Q

What is the main cause of atherosclerosis

A

Build up do fatty materials
High cholesterol

45
Q

Of what material is the plaque composed

A

Consists of cholesterol, fibrous material + calcium

46
Q

Where does the plaque form

A

Beneath endothelium

47
Q

As the atheroma what happens to the properties of the arteries

A

Lumen narrows
Loses elasticity

48
Q

As the atheroma what happens to blood flow

A

Becomes restricted

49
Q

Name the cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis

A

Angina
Heart attack
Stroke
Prepubertal vascular disease

50
Q

What is a thrombus and how does it occur

A

A blood clot
During damaging of the endothelium of the artery

51
Q

Discuss the role of the enzyme prothrombin in blood clot formation

A

Clotting causes reactions resulting in the conversion of the inactive enzyme prothrombin do its active form thrombin

thrombin causes molecules of the plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of fibrin

52
Q

What is an embolus

A

A piece of a blood clot, foreign object or other bodily substance becomes stuck in a blood vessel.

53
Q

What is thrombosis

A

A blood clot within blood vessels that limits the flow of blood

54
Q

What medical condition can result from thrombosis

A

Heart attacks
Strokes

55
Q

What medical conditions can result from an embolism

A

Stroke
Pulmonary embolism

56
Q

Define the term peripheral vascular disease

A

A narrowing of the arteries, due to atherosclerosis not in brain or heart

57
Q

Which arteries are most commonly affected and what are most common symptoms

A

Arteries in the legs
Pain in leg muscles

58
Q

Deep vein thrombosis is a condition that effects the bejnd and not the arteries

A

A blood clot that forms deep in the leg

59
Q

Why does DVT lead to an increased risk of pulmonary embolism

A

They can break off and result in pulmonary embolism must pass through the heart first and then to the lungs

60
Q

What factors can increase the risk of DVT

A

Age
Sitting for a king time
Prolonged bed rest
Pregnancy
Birth control pill
hormone replacement surgery
Being overweight/obese
Smoking

61
Q

What food in the diet is the principal source of cholesterol

A

A diet high in saturated fats
Butter meat sausages cheese cream chocolates

62
Q

Where do animal cells synthesise cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is synthesised by all cells although 25% of total production takes place in the liver

63
Q

List essential functions of cholesterol

A

To make sex hormones- testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

64
Q

How does cholesterol circulate in the body

A

Through the blood

65
Q

the most important lipoproteins involved in cholesterol transport are high and low density lipoproteins. Describe them

A

LDL- transports cholesterol to body
HDL-transports excess cholesterol form the body cells to liver for elimination prevents too much cholesterol in the body.

66
Q

Why are lower numbers of LDLs better

A

LDLs deposit cholesterol in arteries and can cause antherosclerosis so lower levels are better

67
Q

Why are high levels of HDLs better

A

Removed cholesterol from body and takes it to liver to be removed

68
Q

Explain why HDLs are sometimes referred to as good

A

They remove cholesterol from blood

69
Q

How does the ratio of HDL/LDL in the blood determine the chances of atherosclerosis

A

A higher ratio of HDL to LDL will result in lower blood cholesterol and reduced chance of atherosclerosis

70
Q

What effect does regular physical activity have on cholesterol levels

A

Tends to raise HDL levels and lowers blood cholesterol

71
Q

How do certain drugs like statins reduce blood cholesterol levels

A

Reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells

72
Q

Why does chronically elevated levels blood glucose levels effect cells of the endothelium lining

A

Because of untreated diabetes

73
Q

In larger arteries what damage does chronically elevated blood levels cause and what conditions can arise from this damage

A

Damaged blood vessels
Antherosclerosis may develop leading to cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Peripheral vascular disease

74
Q

In smaller arteries and arterioles what damage does chronically elevated blood glucose levels cause and what conditions can arise

A

Haemorrhage of blood vessels in the retina
Renal (kidney) failure

75
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose 1 phosphate and glucose

76
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

The synthesis of glycogen

77
Q

What organs control the level of glucose in the blood

A

Pancreas

78
Q

If blood glucose levels are low( less than 4g mol/L) what hormone is released and what effect does this have

A

Glucagon
Conversion of glycogen to glucose

79
Q

Id blood glucose levels are high (more than 5 mol/L) what hormone is released and what effect does this have

A

Insulin
Activated the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver

80
Q

How does the body respond to the excitement and stress of exercise include diabetes

A

Adrenaline stimulates glucagon secretion inhibits insulin secretion

81
Q

describe diabetes

A

An inability to regulate blood glucose levels

82
Q

Doefine hypoglycaemia

A

Low blood sugar

83
Q

Define hyperglycaemia

A

High blood sugar

84
Q

When does type one diabetes usually occur

A

Under the age of 20

85
Q

Describe type one diabetes and any factors that can trigger this condition

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin
Usually family history
Require an environmental trigger such as a viral infection or cold weather

86
Q

How is type one diesbetes usually controlled

A

Regular doses of insulin

87
Q

When does type two diabetes occur

A

Later in life

88
Q

Describe type two diabetes and factors that can trigger the condition

A

Being overweight
Individuals produce insulin but their liver cells are less sensitive to it
Insulin receptors are decreased in the liver
This means that the liver cannot convert glucose into glycogen

89
Q

How is tupe two diabetes usually controlled

A

Diet and exercise
Insulin replacement

90
Q

Describe how levels of glucose in urine are used in the test for diabetes

A

The kidneys will remove some of this glucose and this will result in glucose appearing in urine

91
Q

Describe how blood tests are used to test for diabetes

A

Takes you blood with a pin prick to check levels in your blood

92
Q

Describe the glucose intolerance test

A

Measured after fast
Drink glucose solution
Changed in their blood glucose for at least the next two hours

93
Q

Define obesity

A

Obesity is characterised by the excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue such as muscle

94
Q

How is bmi calculated

A

Weight in kg/ height m2
BMI over 30 indicated obesity

95
Q

Why is bmi not suitable for comparing individuals

A

Because someone could be identified as obese when their additional mass is actually muscle and not fat

96
Q

Which two factors make the greatest contribution to obesity

A

High fat diet and exercise

97
Q

Why should we limit fat and free sugars in our diet

A

The energy intake in the diet should be reduced by limiting fat and free sugars

98
Q

In what way does exercise help control obesity

A

To increase energy expenditure and pressure lean tissue

99
Q

How does exercise help prevent cardiovascular disease

A

Keeping weigh under control
Minimising stress
Reducing hypertension
Improving blood lipid profiles

100
Q

What affects the dose of insulin a type one diabetic needs

A

Diet and exercise in the day

101
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The build up of fatty material( cholesterol) ,fibrous material (calcium) build up and form an antheroma

102
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

Enters, from body to right atrium,via vena cava

Leaves, to lungs,from right ventricle via pulmonary arteries

Enters,from lungs to left atrium via pulmonary vein

Leave,to body from left ventricle via aorta

Human Biology (5 decks)

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