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Human Biology > Unit Three NeuroBiology > Flashcards

Unit Three NeuroBiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the structural division of the nervous system

A

CNS- brain + spinal cord
PNS- somatic nervous system. autonomic nervous system.

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2
Q

describe the function of the somatic nervous system

A

controls mainly voluntary conscious actions
contains sensory + motor neurons

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3
Q

what is a sensory neuron

A

they take impulses from the sense organs to the CNS

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4
Q

what is motor neurons

A

take impulses from the cns to muscles and glands

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5
Q

describe the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
controls involuntary unconscious actions

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6
Q

describe the function of the sympathetic nervous system
(fight or flight)

A

increases heart rate
increases breathing rate
slows down peristalsis
slows down production of intestinal system

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7
Q

describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system
( rest and digest)

A

decreases heart rate
decreases breathing rate
increases peristalsis
increases production of intestinal system

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8
Q

describe antagonistic

A

they have opposite effects

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9
Q

converging pathways

A

in converging neural pathway, impulses from several neurons travel to one single neuron.
this increases sensitivity to excitatory or inhibitory signals
eg. night vision

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10
Q

diverging pathways

A

in a diverging neural pathways impulses from one single neuron travels to several neurons so affecting more than one destination at the same time
increases coordination and fine motor control
eg. surgery

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11
Q

reverberating pathways

A

neurons later in the pathway links back with earlier neurons , sending the impulse back through the pathway this allows repeated stimulation of the pathway
eg. breathing

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12
Q

describe the cerebral cortex

A

center of conscious thought
recalls memories and alters behaviour due to experiences
brain functions in the cerebral cortex are localised

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13
Q

describe the structure and function of the corpus callosum

A

a band of fibres that connects both hemispheres of the brain and allows for information to be exchanged

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14
Q

describe the left cortex/cerebral hemisphere

A

controls the right visual field and controls the right side of the body
has speech area

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15
Q

describe the right side of the cortex/ cerebral hemisphere

A

controls the left visual field and controls the left side of the body

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16
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

sight

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17
Q

what is the advantage of a cortex which is extensively convoluted

A

to maximise surface area on the brain to make space for cells to connect

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18
Q

what areas is the cortex divided into

A

sensory, association, motor

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19
Q

what is the role of sensory areas

A

to receive nerve impulses from sense organs
process sensory organs

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20
Q

what is the role of association areas

A

processing language, personality, imagination and intelligence

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21
Q

what is the role of motor areas

A

send nerve impulses to he muscles+ glands
generate movement signals

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22
Q

define memory

A

memory is the storage, retention and retrieval of information including past experiences knowledge and thoughts

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23
Q

define short term memory

A

all information entering the brain passes through sensory memory and eters short term memory

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24
Q

describe sensory memory

A

sensory memory retains all the visual and auditory input recieved only for a few seconds. only selsected images and sounds are then encoded into short term memory

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24
Q

define long term memory

A

information is then either transferred to long term memory or discarded

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24
Q

what is the capacity of most people’s short term memory and how long does it typically last

A

7-9 pieces of information for 20-30 seconds at a time

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24
Q

How does chunking help with short term memory

A

Grouping to make single items together to improve capacity

24
Q

How does rehearsal help with memory

A

A shallow form of encoding information into long term memory

24
Q

What is the serial position effect

A

The tendency of a person to recall items that come first and last best and forget the intermediate items

25
Q

What is working memory

A

Short term memory being able to process data, to a limited extent as well as store it
Can preform simple cognitive tasks

25
Q

How are memories lost from stm

A

By displacement(replaced by new items entering)
Or decay (degradation)

25
Q

Describe Organisation in memory

A

Involves placing the information into related groups/categories

25
Q

Elaboration meaning

A

Involves adding extra information to add meaning
Elaboration is regarded as deeper form of encoding
This leads to improved information retention

25
Q

Contextual cues

A

Relating to the time and place when information was initially encoded into long term memory

25
Q

How does the brain go about retreiving information

A

Aided by the use of contextual cues

25
Q

Describe the function of a nerve cell(neuron)

A

Neuron’s are adapted to carry electrical impulses

26
Q

Describe the function of a glial cell

A

Produce the myelin sheath and support neurons

27
Q

Describe the cell body

A

Structure- contains a nucleus and cytoplasm
Function - controls all cell activity

28
Q

Describe axons

A

Structure- single nerve fibre
function- transmits electrical signals down the length of the neuron

29
Q

What is the function of interneurons

A

To send signals

30
Q

Describe the function of myelin

A

Surrounded by a myelin sheath
This insulates the axon and increases the speed of impulse conductions

31
Q

How does. Myelination effects development

A

Responses to stimuli tin the first two years of life are not as rapid or coordinated as those of an older child or adult

32
Q

Describe multiple sclerosis

A

Destroys the myelin sheath using a gradual loss of coordination

33
Q

What is the function of a synapse

A

Connects neurons together

34
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters

A

Converts electrical signal to a chemical a signal to diffuse through the gap

35
Q

How are neurotransmitters stored

A

In vesicles in the axon endings of the presynaptic neurons

36
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitters when the nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal of a nerve fibre

A

When an electrical impulse arrives at the axon ending the neurotransmitters are released into the cleft

37
Q

How does the post synaptic membrane respond to the neurotransmitters

A

Diffuse across the cleft and bind to the receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
This triggers an electrical impulse in the postsynaptic neuron

38
Q

How is removal of neurotransmitters achieved

A

Acetylcholine is an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

39
Q

how is the neurotransmitters remove from the synaptic cleft

A

A hormone noradernaline takes the neurotransmitter back u by the presynaptic membrane

40
Q

Explain how a weak excitatory signal does not cause the neuron to fire

A

A minimum number of neurotransmitter molecules must attach to receptors on the post synaptic membrane in order to reach the threshold required to transmit the impulse

41
Q

How do endorphins trigger the experience of pleasure or satisfaction

A

Increased levels of endorphins also stimulate the feelings of pleasure obtained from activities such as eating, sex and prolonged excersise

42
Q

What conditions trigger endorphins release

A

(Feis)
Severe injury
Prolonged exercise
Stress
Certain foods

43
Q

What is an agonist

A

Drugs which mimic the shape of a neurotransmitter

44
Q

What is effected when drugs are taken

A

mood, cognition,preception, behaviour

45
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron

A

Neuron carrying signal before synapse

46
Q

What is a post synaptic neuron

A

Neuron that carries signal after synapse

47
Q

Neurotransmitter meaning

A

Protein that crossed the synapse and bind to receptor on postsynaptic membrane

48
Q

Receptors description

A

Can be inhibitory or excitatory bind to neurotransmitter

49
Q

What is a Threshold

A

The number of neurotransmitters required to generate a signal

50
Q

Summation

A

Several weaker signals combining to reach threshold

51
Q

Describe antagonists

A

A drug that binds to a receptor but causes no action. Blocking any neurotransmitters

52
Q

Reuptake inhibitors

A

Allows the effects of some neurotransmitters to last longer as they prevent reabsorption of the neurotransmitter

53
Q

Describe inhibitors of neurotransmitters

A

Inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

54
Q

Describe excitatory and inhibitory receptors

A

Excitatory- increases contraction of muscle fibres
Inhibitory- decreases contraction of muscle fibres

Human Biology (5 decks)

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