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Human Biology > Unit Three Immunology > Flashcards

Unit Three Immunology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define immunity

A

Immunity is the state of being resistant to a pathogen or infectious disease

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2
Q

What are antigens

A

Any substrate that causes the body to make an immune response against it

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3
Q

Describe the three lines of defence

A
  1. Non-specific physical barriers
  2. Non-specific immune cells
  3. Specific immune cells
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4
Q

Inborn,nonspecific and does not change over time. Give examples

A

Sneezing
Coughing

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5
Q

Describe acquired immunity

A

Antibodies

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6
Q

Briefly describe how the skin provides immunity

A

Closely packed epithelial cells from a physical barrier against he entry of pathogens

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7
Q

List your other nonspecific defences

A

Saliva- antibacterial enzymes
Tears- antibacterial enzymes
Mucus-lungs trap city and microbes
Skin- prevents entry

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8
Q

Explain the role of mast cells

A

Histamine is released

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9
Q

Describe the role of cytokines in phagocytosis

A

Cytokines are proteins molecules that act as a signal to specific white blood cells causing them to accumulate at the site of infection

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10
Q

Explain how lymphocytes are selective

A

Each lymphocyte has a single type of membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen

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11
Q

Explain how lymphocytes are selective

A

They have a membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen

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12
Q

What is the process that occurs to produce a lymphocyte clone

A

Antigen binding leads to repeated lymphocyte decision resulting in the formation of a clinal population of identical lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are 5 foreign particles

A

Cells infected by pathogens
Toxins released by pathogens
Antigens
Transplanted tissue
Cancer cells

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14
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes

A

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes

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15
Q

Explain the role of T-lymphocytes in normal conditions

A

Destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane and inducing apoptosis

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16
Q

Explain the role of T-lymphocytes in autoimmune disease

A

Failure of the regulation of the immune system leads to T-lymphocytes responding to self antigens. This causes autoimmune diseases

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17
Q

What is the cellular validity of an allergic reaction

A

B-lymphocytes can respond to antigens on substances that are harmless to the body
The hypersensitive responds is called an allergic reaction

18
Q

What substance do B lymphocytes produce

A

Antibodies against antigens on an invading pathogen which leads to destruction of the pathogen

19
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

The engulfing of pathogens and their destruction by digestive enzymes contained in lysosomes

20
Q

What are memory cells

A

Some of the cloned B and T-lymphocytes survive long term as memory cells

21
Q

How do memory cells enhance immunity

A

When a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs, these memory cells rapidly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes.
During the secondary response antibody production is greater and more rapid than during primary tepobcr
These destroy the pathogens before symptoms occur

22
Q

What is the purpose of vaccination

A

To prepare your immune system so it can give a better response

23
Q

What is active immunity

A

Immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to said pathogens

24
Q

What can be in vaccines

A

Dead pathogens
Weakend pathogens
Parts of pathogen
Inactivated toxin

25
Q

What is the role of the adjuvant in a vaccine

A

Antigens usually mixed with adjuvant when producing the vaccine
An adjuvant is a substance which makes the vaccine more effective so enhancing the immune response

26
Q

As the antigens in a vaccine are identified to the known pathogen, they stimulate a primary response. How does this primary response help with long term immunity

A

After the initial response a memory cell is created. This decreases the time when infected for the second time

27
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When a large percentage of a population is immunised

28
Q

Who does herd immunity benefit

A

Everyone as it reduces the spread of diseases

29
Q

What does the threshold for herd immunity depend on

A

Type of disease
The effectiveness of vaccine
The density of the population

30
Q

Describe the difficulties that can arise obtaining widespread vaccination in the developing world

A

Costs a lot of money poverty

31
Q

Describe the difficulties that can arise obtaining widespread vaccination in the developed world

A

When people don’t want to get vaccinated

32
Q

What is antigenic variation

A

Some pathogens can change their antigens this means that memory cells are not effective against them

33
Q

Some pathogens directly attack the immune system. What is the consequence of the attack

A

Weakened immune system
More vulnerable to opportunistic infections

34
Q

Explain the difference between aids and hiv

A

HIV is higher number of white blood cells

35
Q

Why must a vaccine be subjected to a clinical trial

A

To establish theirs safety and effectiveness before being licensed for use.

36
Q

Statistical significance

A

At the end of the trial the results form two groups are compared to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the groups

37
Q

Describe randomised clinical trial

A

Divided into groups randomly
Reduces bias in the distribution of characteristics such as agr and gender

38
Q

describe a double-blind clinical trial

A

neither of the subjects nor the researchers know which group the subjects are in.
this prevents biased interpretation of the results

39
Q

describe a placebo-controlled clinical trial

A

one group of subjects receives the vaccine or drug whilst the second group receives a placebo- control to ensure valid comparisons.

40
Q

what do all clinical trials have in common

A

always in large groups
this is to reduce magnitude of experimental error
and to establish statistical significance .

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