Unit Two Flashcards
1
Q
The cardiovascular develops from what
A
Mesoderm
2
Q
How many pockets form from the mesoderm
A
Three different pockets
3
Q
What is the paraxial mesoderm
A
Two large masses along the midline that is made up of the mesoderm
4
Q
What develops from the paraxial mesoderm
A
Vertebrae
5
Q
What is the intermediate mesoderm
A
Smallest part of the mesoderm pocket
6
Q
What develops from the intermediate mesoderm
A
Genital system primarily and the urinary system
7
Q
What develops from the lateral mesoderm
A
Cardiovascular
8
Q
The lateral pocket of the mesoderm is going to split into what
A
Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
9
Q
The somatic mesoderm is next to what
A
Ectoderm
10
Q
The splanchnic mesoderm is next to what
A
Endoderm
11
Q
What develops from the splanchnic mesoderm
A
Cardiovascular system / heart
12
Q
The splanchnic mesoderm going to go through mitosis to develop what
A
The heart tube
13
Q
The daughter cells from mitosis of splanchnic mesoderm gets push towards the
A
Endoderm
14
Q
What are the daughter cells called of splanchnic mesoderm
A
Angiogenic cell clusters but they are AKA heart tubes
15
Q
Where do the angiogenic cells go
A
Around the developing brain (in front of)
16
Q
The angiogenic cells developing around the brain is called what area
A
Cardiogenic area
17
Q
What are the two major problems with the cardiogenic area
A
Two hearts are forming and the location is basically in the forehead
18
Q
What is the first thing that happens to the angiogenic cell clusters
A
The solid masses of cells are going to hollow out becoming endocardial tubes
19
Q
What is the second thing that happens to angiogenic cell clusters
A
Ectoderm grows faster than endoderm causing lateral folding of the embryo which brings the two endocardial tubes to come together and fuse together
20
Q
What does the endocardial tube contain
A
Myocardium, cardiac jelly and endocardial tube
21
Q
What solved the problem of first having two hearts
A
Lateral folding of the embryo
22
Q
How does the endocardial tube form from the solid mass of cells
A
When cells begin to hollow out they take on fluid and vacuoles are forming, the fluid is then pushed into one part of the cell and the vacuoles form together and puts all the fluid in one area causing an area of the cell to weak and the weakened area breaks causing formation of the lumen
23
Q
What forms between the two endocardial tubes before fusing together
A
Forms communications
24
Q
Where does the brain develop from
A
The ectoderm
25
What has the fastest growth rate in the embryo
The brain
26
What causes the head of the embryo to fold
Due to the fast growth rate of the brain
27
When the head starts to fold what happens to the heart tube
The heart tube gets pushed toward the caudal end
28
When the heart tube gets pushed towards the caudal end, it is now equal with what
Buccopharyngeal membrane
29
When the brain has grown all the way under what happens with the heart tube
The heart tube is now behind the buccopharyngeal membrane and the tube is now in the thorax and is developing
30
What solved the second problem that the heart is in the forehead
Head folding
31
What does the heart look like at first in a developing embryo
A five chambered linear heart
32
Blood from veins go to what part of linear heart
Sinus venosus
33
From sinus venosus where does blood travel
Primitive atrium (second chamber)
34
Primitive atrium AKA
Embryonic atrium
35
Blood goes from primitive atrium to what
Primitive ventricle
36
What is the fastest growing part of the linear five chamber heart
Primitive ventricle
37
What is the swelling between the sinus venosus and primitive atrium
Sinon atrial swelling
38
What is the swelling between the primitive atrium and primitive ventricle
Atrial ventricular swelling
39
From the primitive ventricle blood enters where
The bulbus cordis
40
What is the narrow portion of the linear five chamber heart
Bulbis cordis
41
What is the swelling between the primitive ventricle and the bulbis cordis
Proximal bulbar swelling
42
From the bulbis cordis blood moves to where
Truncus arteriosis
43
What is the swelling between the bulbis cordis and the truncus arteriosis
Distal bulbar swelling
44
From the truncus arteriosis, blood enters where
Into the arteries
45
When is the heart beating?
Once it reaches the linear five chamber heart
46
If two cardiac muscle cells touch each other what occurs with the two different beats
The cells will assume the fastest beat rate
47
What is cardiac syncytium
When two heart cells having two different beat rates and they both assume fastest beat rate between the two
48
What chamber in the linear five chamber heart has the fastest beat rate
Sinus venosus
49
What is the pacemaker of the linear five chamber heart
Sinoatrial node
50
Where is the SA node developing in the linear five chamber heart
Developing at the junction at the sinus venosus and embryonic atrium but on the venous side
51
As the linear five chamber heart increases in length what happens to the two ends
They are fixed and space and this causes bending in the middle due to mitosis of the cells
52
Where does the first bend occur in the linear five chamber heart
Embryonic atrium
53
What is the largest part of the developing heart
Embryonic ventricle
54
When a bend occurs in the heart what part is anterior
Truncus arteriosis, bulbis cordis, embryonic ventricle
55
When bend occurs in the linear heart, what is now posterior
Embryonic atrium and sinus venosus
56
Are there valves yet in the first bend developing heart
No just a linear pump
57
What is the most posterior structure of the embryonic heart
Sinus venosus
58
What are the two parts that come off the sinus venosus
The left and right sinus horn
59
What are the three sources of getting blood into the sinus horns
Vitelline vein, umbilical vein and cardinal veins
60
The vitelline vein drains into what
The secondary yolk sac
61
The umbilical drains what
The placenta
62
The cardinal veins drain what
Embryo’s body
63
The cardinal veins are divided into what
Anterior and posterior
64
The anterior cardinal vein drains what
Upper 1/2 of embryos body
65
The posterior cardinal vein drains what
Lower 1/2 of the embryos body
66
The blood from the anterior and posterior cardinal vein is going to form what
The common cardinal vein
67
During the stage of having cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins, is everything asymmetrical or symmetrical
Symmetrical
68
How does the veins of the developing become asymmetrical
Shift to the right
69
What is the first sign we see that shift to right has begun
Lift sinus horn is decreasing in size
70
What happens with the vitelline veins with the shift to the right
Two vitelline veins are going to get pushed together and cause to fuse and form a single structure
71
The vitelline veins when fused together become what
Portal vein
72
With the right shift, what occurs to the right sinus horn
Become incorporate into the wall of the right atrium
73
What happens when the left sinus horn has decreased in size so much
Going to form the coronary sinus of the adult heart
74
Where does all the venous blood from the heart drain into
Coronary sinus
75
The coronary sinus drains into what
Right atrium
76
What happens to the left cardinal vein with the right shift
Disappears with no adult derivative
77
After right shift, the right anterior cardinal vein is going to form what
Superior vena cava
78
What happens to the right umbilical vein with the right shift
Has disappeared
79
What happens to the left umbilical vein during the right shift
Stays intact
80
As the left umbilical vein approaches the liver what occurs
Forms a new structure called the ductus venosus
81
What is the ductus venosus
Shunt for the blood across the liver
82
Major function of the liver
Filters blood and detoxifies it
83
Why is there a shunt across the liver in the embryo
The mother has already detoxified the blood
84
The blood enters the ductus venosus then goes where
Inferior vena cava
85
Blood from inferior vena cava goes to where
Right atrium
86
What is the circulation in the adult heart
Veins, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, arteries
87
Since the embryo can not breathe, what needs to happen
Need to bypass the lungs
88
Why can’t embryo use lungs to breathe and needs to bypass
Lungs may not be there yet or they are not functional
89
How to bypass the lungs
Go from right atrium to left atrium through a shunt
90
Septum primum means what
First septum
91
How does the septum primum form
By differential rates of mitosis and will keep elongating and grow towards the endocardial cushion
92
What is the endocardial cushion
Atrial ventricular swellings
93
As the septum primum is elongating down, what is created
The shunt separating the atrium and ventricle
94
What is the first shunt separating part of the atrium and ventricle
Ostium primum “first opening”
95
Does the septum primum eventually reach the endocardial cushion
Yes but this would cause closure of the ostium primum
96
What occurs before the septum primum reaches the endocardial cushion
Programmed cell death occurs from where the septum originated from and creates a new opening
97
What is the second opening called that is created by the programmed cell death when septum primum reaches cushion
Ostium secundum
98
Once the ostium secundum is formed what can close
Ostium primum
99
If the ostium primum closes off before the opening of the ostium secundum or the two holes remain open what happens to the embryo
Baby’s heart will not develop properly and would lead to uterine death
100
The right sinoatrial swelling becomes what
Right venous valve
101
The left sinoatrial swelling becomes what
The left venous valve
102
In the adult heart what happens to the upper 1/2 of the right venous valve
Disappears with no adult derivative
103
What happens to the lower 1/2 of the right venous valve in the adult heart
Going to form the valve of the coronary sinus and the valve of the inferior vena cava
104
Purpose of valve
Prevent back flow of the blood
105
The left venous valve will help form what
The septum secundum
106
How does the septum spurium grow
Mitosis out of top of the heart and To the left side along the right atrial wall to form the septum secundum
107
The septum spurium forms what
Septum secundum
108
The opening that is created by the septum secundum is called what
Foramen ovale
109
How does the foramen ovale close when the baby is born
Blood of lungs will enter the left atrium causing pressure to the right atrium. The pressure causes the septum primum to push on the septum secundum and close the ovale (shunt)
110
How long does it take for the foramen ovale to completely close
One year
111
What keeps the foramen ovale shunt close
Pressure in the left atrium is greater than the right atrium
112
What occurs when the septum secundum is not long enough
When ovale attempts to close, the hole will remain and create the “blue baby syndrome”
113
What is probe patency
Foramen ovale never fully closes and only noticeable if the right atrium has more pressure than the left
114
The right atrium has how many zones
Two
115
What are the two zones of the right atrium
Smooth wall and rough wall
116
What is the smooth wall of the right atrium
Found in the posterior inferior aspect of the R atrium
117
What is the smooth wall of the right atrium formed from
Sinus venosus
118
What is the name of the smooth wall of the right atrium
Sinus venerum
119
What is the second zone of the right atrial wall
Rough wall which is made up of pectinate muscle from old embryonic atrium
120
How many zones in the left atrium
Two
121
What is the first zone of the left atrium
Smooth wall portion
122
What is the smooth wall of the left atrium made from
Pulmonary veins
123
What is the second zone of the left atrium
Rough portion which contains pectinate muscle from old embryonic wall
124
What occurs at the atrial ventricle swelling
Mitosis
125
What forms along the wall of the ventricle
A big solid mass of tissue
126
As blood is moving through the atrium it will hit the mitosing atrial ventricle swelling causing
Turbulent flow of blood and will erode the swelling
127
As the atrial ventricular swelling gets larger what happens tot he blood
Will create more turbulence
128
The atrial ventricular swelling starts to curve and form what
Atrial ventricular valve vcusp
129
The tissue coming out of the atrial ventricular swelling is called what
Cordae tendinae
130
The cordae tendinae attaches to what
The papillary muscle
131
The papillary muscle came from what
Ventricle muscle
132
As ventricle begins to contract what happens to the papillary muscle
It contracts and holds the valve down
The papillary muscle will contract and holds the valve down
133
What causes the valves not to prolapse
Pressure from the ventricles
134
Since some of the blood that is not shunted from right to left atrium enters the ventricle what must occur
Shunt in the ventricle
135
The shunt/opening created in the ventricles is called what
Interventricular foramen
136
How is the interventricular foramen formed
Have to create septum just like atrium
137
How does septate form in ventricles
Lateral sides of ventricle mitosis faster than medial causing septum form and then stops growing creating foramen
138
What are the two parts of the interventricular septum
Muscular portion growing from ventricular wall and membranous connective tissue growing down from bulbis cordis
139
How is the aorticopulmonary septum
When the ventricle wall is growing towards the bulbis cordis growing down and they both touch midline
140
What happens to the aorticopulmonary septum when it grows
It is going to twist and rotate 180 degrees as it ascends to the top
141
The pulmonary trunk starts anterior when forming the aorticopulmonary septum but where is it when it reaches the top
Posterior due lungs being behind the heart
142
What structures develop from the bulbis cordis
Right ventricle outflow track, left ventricle outflow track, interventricular septum
143
What forms from the truncus arteriosis
Proximal aorta and proximal pulmonary artery
144
What is an artery
Vessel that takes blood away from the embryonic heart
145
What are the blood vessels coming out of the embryonic heart
Aortic arches, vitelline artery and umbilical artery
146
Aortic arch supplies blood where
To the embryo
147
Vitelline artery blood supply goes where
Yolk sac
148
Umbilical artery blood supplies goes where
Placenta
149
The pharyngeal arches develop in what area
Embryo neck
150
How many pharyngeal arches
6
151
What supplies the pharyngeal arches
Aortic arches
152
Aortic arch one is near
Cranial
153
Aortic arch 6 is near where
Caudal
154
Aortic arch 2 forms what
Maxillary artery
155
Aortic arch 2 supplies blood where
Hyoid and stapedial
156
Aortic arch 3 supplies blood where
Common and internal carotid artery
157
What arches form bilateral structures
Arches 1-3
158
Aortic arch 4 supplies blood where
Arch of aorta on left and subclavian on right
159
Why is there no aortic arch 5 in adult
Arch 5 serves as a place holder for arch 6 to develop where it needs to
160
What happens to aortic arch 5 when 6 forms
Disappears with no adult derivative
161
Left aortic arch 6 supplies blood where
Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriorus
162
Right aortic arch 6 supplies blood where
Right pulmonary artery
163
What structure forms between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
164
Function of ductus arteriosus
Created channel to bypass the lungs
165
What is the blood flow in embryo with ductus arteriosus
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, DA, aorta, right atrium, right ventricle
166
If blood passes ductus arteriosus what happens
Will reach lung but does not enter due to too much pressure in lung causing blood to go through DA and down aorta
167
The vitelline artery forms what
The major blood vessels in the GI tract
168
What are the three blood vessels that form from the vitelline artery
Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery
169
The celiac trunk comes off of
The aorta
170
The celiac trunk gives blood supply to
Upper portion of GI including stomach and liver
171
The superior mesenteric artery comes off what
Aorta
172
Superior mesenteric artery give blood supply to
Small intestine
173
The inferior mesenteric artery comes off of
The aorta
174
The inferior mesenteric artery gives blood supply to
Lower portion of GI tract
175
Towards the pelvis the aorta divides into
Common iliac arteries, two short vessels
176
The common iliac arteries then divides into what
External iliac artery and internal iliac artery
177
The external iliac artery gives blood supply to
Lower extremity
178
What is the major blood supply to the pelvis
Internal iliac arteries
179
What branches off the internal iliac artery
Umbilical artery
180
The umbilical artery forms what
Two chord like structures known as the medial umbilical ligaments
181
Where can you find the umbilical medial ligaments in an adult
Anterior abdominal wall
182
Purpose of veins in embryo
Bring blood toward the embryos heart
183
Vitelline veins run with
Vitelline arteries
184
Umbilical veins go from
Placenta to the embryos heart
185
What two veins in the embryo develop together
Umbilical and vitelline
186
Cardinal veins are associated with
Venous drainage of the embryo’s body
187
What also develops at the same time as the veins in the embryo
Liver
188
The portal vein develops from what
Lower portion of vitelline veins
189
The portal vein is coming from what
Small intestine
190
What comes after the portal vein
Hepatic sinusoids
191
Are the hepatic sinusoids one or two structures
Two
192
Where are the hepatic sinusoids located
Contained in the liver
193
From the hepatic sinusoids where does blood go
Hepatic veins
194
How many hepatic veins and where are they located
Two, located in liver
195
Function of hepatic veins
Drain blood out of liver
196
From the hepatic veins, where does blood go
Hepatocardiac portion of inferior vena cava
197
Umbilical veins come from
The placenta
198
Due to the shift to the right, what happens to the right umbilcal vein
Disappear with no adult derivative
199
What vein brings blood up towards the liver
Left umbilical vein
200
Since mom filters blood, what must we create from left umbilical vein
Shunt across liver and escape hepatic sinusoids
201
What is the shunt that is across the liver with veins
Ductus venosus
202
Where is the ductus venosus formed from
Origin unknown
203
Due to the ductus venosus forming what happens to the left umbilical vein
Disappears with no adult derivative
204
What happens to the left cardinal vein
Disappear due to right shift
205
What forms the superior vena cava
Common and anterior cardinal vein
206
What happens to the right posterior cardinal vein overtime
Disappear
207
The sacrocardinal vein forms in conjunction with
The lower limb
208
Since we have two lower limbs how many sacrocardinal veins
Two
209
The sacrocardinal veins are going to fuse together and create what shape
Lambda
210
The lower portion of the of the sacrocardinal vein that has two separate pieces (lower part of lambda) is going to form what in the adult
Common iliac vein
211
The common iliac vein brings blood from
Lower extremity and pelvis
212
What is the upper portion of the sacrocardinal vein that is fused together
Sacrocardinal inferior vena cava
213
The subcardinal veins form in conjunction with
The kidneys
214
Since there are two kidneys, how many subcardinal veins
Two
215
What is the shape of the subcardinal veins
Shape of T where bottom part is two veins fused together and top part is two separate veins coming from kidneys
216
The upper portion of the subcardinal vein goes where
Goes to each kidney
217
The fused lower portion of the subcardinal vein is called
The subcardinal inferior vena cava
218
The supracardinal veins develop in conjunction with
The thorax
219
What is the structure of the supracardinal vein
Bilateral symmetrical structures
220
The supracardinal vein forms
Azygous vein
221
What are the three sources the inferior vena cava form from
Sacrocardinal vein (lowest), subcardinal (middle), and vitelline vein (upper)
222
From placenta, how does blood get to the right atrium
Placenta, umbilical vein, bypass the liver through ductus venosus, inferior vena cava then right atrium
223
What are the two ways to go from right atrium to aorta
Blood through foramen ovale, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta or right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary truck, shunt blood though ductus arteriosus, aorta
224
From aorta, how does blood reach placenta
Aorta, umbilical arteries to placenta
225
When the baby is born, what becomes functional
Lungs and liver
226
What is the first step when baby takes first breath
Umbilical arteries close by the smooth muscle contracting of arteries and no more blood is leaving the baby
227
The umbilical arteries will become what
Medial umbilical ligament
228
What is the second step when the baby takes first breath
Umbilical vein and ductus venosus closes and causes blood to enter liver and filter itself
229
In the adult, the umbilical vein forms
Round ligament
230
In the adult, the ductus venosus becomes
The ligamentum venosum
231
What is the third step after baby takes first breath
Closure of the ductus arteriosus
232
What mediates the closure of the ductus arteriosus
Bradykinin is secreted by traumatized cells during birth
233
The ductus arteriosus becomes what
Ligamentum arteriosum
234
What is the fourth step after baby takes first breath
Closure of the foramen ovale due to the lungs becoming functional which increases the pressure in the left atrium
235
The foramen ovale becomes what in the adult
Fossa ovalis
236
The digestive system is derived from
The endoderm
237
The endoderm derives what for the GI tract
Epithelial of GI
238
The endoderm is in contact with what when it is a flat layer of cells
The yolk sac
239
The endoderm is in constant contact with what during lateral folding
Yolk sac
240
Why does lateral folding occur
Ectoderm is going to grow faster than endoderm
241
What closes the tubes that are caused by lateral folding
Head and tail folding
242
Until baby is born, the GI tract has a connection with the yolk sac through what connection
Vitelline duct
243
Before GI waste in embryo reaches vitelline duct what must it go through
Anterior and posterior intestinal portal
244
Vitelline circulation gets waste products from yolk sac to what
Placenta
245
The GI in the embryo is divided into how many regions
Four
246
The first region of the GI starts at
Buccopharyngeal membrane
247
The first region of the GI extends back to
Lung bud
248
The first region of the GI is known as the
Pharynx
249
The pharynx of the embryo is made up of
Ectoderm and endoderm
250
The buccopharyngeal membrane will eventually
Open up and become the mouth
251
What is going to be the start of the respiratory system in the first region of the GI tract
The lung bud
252
What is the real name of the lung bud
Tracheobronchial diverticulum
253
What are the start and end region of the GI tract
Lung bud to liver bud
254
The second region of the GI tract is the
Foregut
255
Foregut receives blood from what artery
Celiac artery
256
The third region of the GI tract starts and ends where
Liver bud to posterior intestinal portal
257
The third region of the GI tract is called what
Mid gut
258
The mid gut receives blood from
Superior mesenteric artery
259
The fourth region of the GI tract starts and ends where
Posterior intestinal portal to cloacal membrane
260
The fourth region of the GI tract is called what
The hindgut
261
The hindgut is made up of what
Ectoderm and endoderm
262
The cloacal membrane will eventually rupture and become what
The anal opening
263
The fluid filled sac in the abdomen is called what
The coelom
264
Function of the coelom
Creates room in the abdomen for all of the GI tube to develop, like a place holder
265
What happens to the coelom as GI gets bigger
GI pushes onto coelom and coelom begins to surround it
266
The layer of the coelom that is touching the GI tract
Visceral peritoneum
267
The area of coelom that is touching the abdominal wall is called
Parietal peritoneum
268
What is the connection between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is called
Mesentery or ligament
269
What develops from foregut
Esophagus, trachea, lung buds, stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas
270
How does the tracheoesophogeal septum form
When the combined trachea and esophagus begin to mitosis at certain areas and the other areas that do not mitosis quickly pinches to form the septum
271
The tube in front of the tracheoesophogeal septum is the
Trachea
272
The posterior tube in the tracheoesophogeal septum is the
Esophagus and pharynx
273
When there is no separation of the esophagus and trachea what occurs
Fistula occurs causing the respiratory and GI tract to not separate making eating and drinking difficult
274
How does the stomach develop
Certain area of foregut begins to Mitosis and forms bulge, stomach will rotate 90 degrees clockwise
275
What are the two mesenteries that support the stomach
Dorsal mesentery and ventral mesentery
276
What is the dorsal mesentery (mesogastrium)
Comes off back side of stomach and attaches to the back of body wall
277
What is the ventral mesentery (mesogastrium)
Come off front of stomach and attach the stomach to the anterior body wall
278
When the stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise what occurs
The anterior surface of stomach become right side of stomach and the dorsal mesogastrium is now located on the left side of the stomach
279
As the stomach is rotating what happens to the mesenteries
Begin to stretch
280
After stomach has rotated, what occurs to one part of the stomach
Begin to mitosis on left side causing it to be longer on the left side
281
The left side of the stomach becomes larger and called what
The greater curvature
282
When the greater curvature is created of stomach what does the dorsal mesogastrium called now
Greater omentum
283
After the lesser curvature of the stomach is created, what does the ventral mesogastrium called
Becomes the lesser omentum and attaches to lesser curvature
284
When the dorsal mesogastrium becomes stretched when stomach rotates, what pocket forms behind the stomach
Omental bursa
285
Purpose of omental bursa
Allows for space for stomach to expand
286
From the foregut, the liver bud develops out and grows inbetween
The two layers of the ventral mesogastrium
287
The area of the liver to anterior abdominal wall is going to be called
The falciform ligament
288
As liver grows, it grows into the
Diaphragm
289
The liver is what type of organ
Perotineal organ
290
What peritoneum covers the posterior aspect of the diaphragm
Parietal peritoneum
291
How is the liver covered with peritoneum
It has parietal next to it but is actually covered by visceral then changes back to parietal
292
What are the coronary ligaments
The transition from parietal to visceral and visceral to parietal around liver
293
Where in the liver is blood going to be filtered
Sinusoids
294
Sinusoids of the liver develop from
Vitelline veins
295
What are the two parts of the liver
Sinusoids and parenchyma
296
What is the liver parenchyma
Cellular portion
297
The parenchyma is derived from
Foregut, technically endoderm
298
The liver is technically developed from
Mesoderm and endoderm
299
As the liver develops and becomes larger and large it starts to pull away from the
Foregut
300
As liver pulls away from foregut it begins to develop what
Bile duct
301
As the bile duct stretches what two dialated areas form
Gallbladder and ventral pancreas
302
What forms first, gallbladder or ventral pancreas
Gallbladder
303
What else directly grows out of foregut
Dorsal pancreas
304
Bc of 90 degree rotation of stomach what occurs to the ventral pancreas
Going to get pulled towards the dorsal pancreas
305
When the ventral pancreas moves to dorsal pancreas what occurs
Fusion of membranes
306
What are the four parts of the pancreas
Head, neck, body and tail
307
What is derived from the dorsal pancreas
Head, neck, body and tail
308
What is derived from the ventral pancreas
Uncinate process
309
The midgut divides into what two sections
Cranial portion of primary loop and caudal portion of primary loop
310
What is the cranial portion of primary loop
Go from liver bud to vitelline duct
311
The cranial portion of primary loop develops what
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)
312
The caudal portion of the primary loop goes from what to what
Vitelline duct to posterior intestinal portal
313
The caudal portion of the primary loop gives us the
Large intestinal portion (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon)
314
Due to midgut becoming so long, how does it accommodate
Herniation where midgut goes into the umbilical cord
315
What occurs while intestines are in the umbilical cord
Rotate 90 degrees counter clockwise
316
What occurs to intestines when they come back into abdomen
Rotate 180 degrees counterclockwise
317
What is the axis of rotation for the intestines
Superior mesenteric artery
318
What is prune belly syndrome
Intestines don’t come back into abdomen, causing abdominal muscles a to not form. Big reason for this is failure of kidneys to develop properly
319
Between weeks 4 and 8 what happens to embryo body
Increase in size and decrease in curvature to allow more room in the lower half.
320
What disappears in the abdominal cavity to make more room
Mesonephric kidney
321
What is the first part of the midgut that re-enters the abdomen
Jejunum into the left superior posterior part
322
What is the last part of midgut to re-enter into abdomen
Cecum with appendix into the right inferior anterior part
323
The hindgut begins and ends where
Posterior intestinal portal to cloacal membrane
324
What are the organs in the hindgut
Large intestine (distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper anal canal
325
What is the cloacal
A large dialated portion of the hindgut
326
The cloaca is derived from
Mesoderm
327
After cloacal has formed there will be an area of mesoderm that is called
Urorectal septum
328
How does the cloaca divide into two parts
The urorectal septum goes through mitosis and pushes through cloaca and separates it
329
What are the two parts of the cloaca when it divides
Urogenital sinus (upper) and distal end of hindgut (lower)
330
The urogenital sinus is part of what system
Urinary and genital
331
The distal end of hindgut formed from cloacal is part of what system
Digestive system
332
The rectum is going to be derived from
Hindgut and endoderm
333
Upper anal canal is derived from
Hindgut and endoderm
334
Lower anal canal is derived from
Skin and ectoderm
335
What is the dentate or pectinate line
Line of demarcation that divides the upper and lower anal canal
336
The upper anal canal is lined with
Simple columnar epithelium
337
The lower anal canal is lined with
Stratified squamous epithelium
338
The rectoanal junction is AKA
Dentate line
339
What type of muscle is the in the upper anal canal
Smooth muscle, involuntary
340
What type of muscle is the lower anal canal
Skeletal muscle, voluntary
341
The pharynx begins and ends at
Buccopharyngeal membrane and ends at the lung bud
342
The pharyngeal arches are made up of what type of component
Skeletal, muscular and own innervation
343
What is the blood supply for the pharyngeal arches
Aortic arch
344
What are the indentations on the outside of the pharyngeal arches
Clefts
345
What are the indentations called on the inside of the pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal pouches
346
How many pharyngeal arches
6
347
How many pharyngeal pouches
5
348
How many pharyngeal clefts
4
349
What pharyngeal arch is the most cranial
Arch 1
350
Skeletal derived from pharyngeal arch 1
Maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone, mandible, malleus and incus (lower part of face)
351
Muscles derived from pharyngeal arch 1
Muscles of mastication
352
Innervation of pharyngeal arch 1
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
353
Blood supply of pharyngeal arch 1
Aortic arch 1 (maxillary artery)
354
Skeletal derived from pharyngeal arch 2
Stapes, styloid process, part of hyoid bone (upper portion of throat)
355
Muscles derived from pharyngeal arch 2
Muscles of facial expression
356
Innervation of pharyngeal arch 2
Facial nerve (CN 7)
357
Blood supply of pharyngeal arch 2
Aortic arch 2 (hyoid and stapedial artery)
358
Skeletal derived from pharyngeal arch 3
Part of hyoid bone
359
What pharyngeal arch is the smallest
Arch 3
360
Muscles derived from pharyngeal arch 3
Stylopharyngeus muscle
361
Innervation of pharyngeal arch 3
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
362
Blood supply of pharyngeal arch 3
Aortic arch 3 (common and internal carotid artery)
363
Does pharyngeal arch 5 have an adult derivative
No, place holder for 4 and 6
364
Skeletal derived from pharyngeal arch 4 and 6
Laryngeal cartilages
365
Muscles derived from pharyngeal arch 4 and 6
Laryngeal muscles, pharyngeal constrictors
366
Innervation of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6
Vagus Nerve (CN10)
367
Blood supply of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6
Aortic arch 4 ( arch of aorta and R subclavian) and aortic arch 6 (left and right pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus)
368
All pharyngeal arches are derived from
Mesoderm
369
Pharyngeal pouches are derived from
Endoderm
370
How are pharyngeal pouches numbered
Based on the arch that is on top of them
371
Pharyngeal pouch one develops
Auditory tube
372
Function of auditory tube
Connect throat to ear and equalizes pressure
373
Pharyngeal pouch 2 develops
Palatine tonsils
374
Pharyngeal pouch 3 has how many parts
Two, upper and lower
375
Pharyngeal pouch 3 upper develops
Inferior parathyroid gland
376
Pharyngeal pouch 3 lower portion develops
Thymus
377
Pharyngeal pouch four develops
Superior parathyroid gland
378
Pharyngeal pouch 5 develops
Thyroid gland
379
How are pharyngeal clefts numbers
Based on where cleft is located next to arch
380
Pharyngeal cleft 1 develops
External auditory meatus
381
Cleft 2,3 and 4 develop
They don’t develop, instead epicardial ridge grows together and closes all clefts
382
What happens if pharyngeal clefts 2 - 4 does not close completely
Will have fluid filled sac called cervical sinus
383
Pharyngeal clefts are developed from
Ectoderm
384
What develops in conjunction with arch one
Tuberculum impars
385
What is located bilaterally next to tuberculum impars
Lingual swellings
386
What is developing below tuberculum impars
Copula
387
Copula spans across what pharyngeal arches
2 through 6
388
What forms the adult tongue
Lateral lingual swellings, tuberculum impars and copula
389
What is the anterior 2/3 of tongue made from
Tuberculum impars, lateral lingual swellings and superior 1/3 of the copula
390
Anterior 2/3 of tongue is composed of what pharyngeal arches
Arch one and two
391
What is the Innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Trigeminal nerve and facial nerve
392
Posterior 1/3 of tongue is made of
Middle 1/3 of copula
393
Posterior 1/3 of tongue is composed of what pharyngeal arch
Arch 3
394
Innervation of posterior 1/3 tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve
395
Root of tongue is also called
Epiglottic
396
Root of tongue is made up of what
Lower 1/3 of copula
397
Root of tongue is derived from what pharyngeal arch
Arch 4 and 6
398
Innervation of root of tongue
Vagus nerve
399
What is the opening on the surface of the tongue called
Foramen caecum
400
What does the foramen caecum represent
Small little area where all the parts of the tongue grow together but left a hole
401
Why is the foramen caecum critical
Critical for development of thyroid gland
402
How is the thyroglossal duct form
Cells around the foramen caecum begin to mitosis downward towards the anterior portion of throat
403
Once the thyroglossal duct gets to where it needs to go what occurs
Cells mitosis more but outward and form thyroid gland
404
The thyroid gland sits where in the adult
In the thyroid cartilage
405
Once the thyroid gland forms what happens to the thyroglossal duct do
Constricts and detaches from thyroid
406
What sits behind the thyroid gland in the embryo
Superior and inferior parathyroid gland but become engulfed by thyroid
407
How does the inferior parathyroid get below the thyroid
The inferior parathyroid travels with the thymus as it moves downward and will come to rest in the inferior part of thyroid
408
What are the parts on the face for facial development
Frontonasal prominence, maxillary prominence (2), and mandibular prominence (2)
409
The frontonasal prominence grows in conjunction with
The embryonic skull
410
The maxillary prominence developing from what pharyngeal arch
One
411
Where does the maxillary prominence develop
Just inferior to frontonasal prominence
412
Mandibular prominence is derived from what pharyngeal arch
One
413
What is the opening in the middle of the developing face of embryo
Stomodeum
414
How does stomodeum form
When buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures
415
What is the first step in facial development
The two mandibular processes are going to start to mitosis and grow out and eventually towards each other and meet in the midline to form the mandible
416
What is the second step of facial development
Frontonasal process inferior edge begins to mitosis and form he medial nasal prominence and lateral nasal prominence bilaterally
417
What is the third step of facial development
Maxillary prominence going to mitosis and move towards midline causing the nasal prominences to move to the midline and fuse together at the medial nasal prominence
418
Maxillary prominence develops the
Upper jaw
419
Medial nasal prominence forms what
Bridge of nose and philtrum of the lip
420
The lateral nasal prominence forms what
Ala of the nose (flared part)
421
How do clefts occur
When the mandibular prominence, maxillary prominence or nasal prominences don’t fully fuse together
422
When the eye first develops what is its location
On side of face
423
How do the eyes move to front of face
When maxillary prominence moves inward
424
How does the palate form
Medial nasal prominence will grow back and the maxillary prominence will grow upwards and fuse with nasal prominence to form the hard palate and close nasal and oral cavity
