Unit One Flashcards
1
Q
what in the corona radiata secrete chemo attractant molecules
A
cumulus cells
2
Q
fornix consists of
A
anterior, 2 lateral, posterior
3
Q
purpose of meiosis
A
parent cell to four haploid cells
4
Q
what is amount of days for uterine cycle
A
28 day assumption
5
Q
what happens during day 28 of the uterine cycle
A
drop in both hormones, muscle and spiral arteries spasm, causes blood to stop being supplied to tissue
6
Q
halfway during development of the notochord, what appears
A
neuroanteric canal
7
Q
ovulated egg has ability to become fertilized for how long
A
36 to 48 hours
8
Q
From the testis where does the sperm go
A
To the epididymis
9
Q
What part of the embryo is responsible for invasion into the endometrium
A
Syncytiotrophoblast
10
Q
what occurs during week three of development
A
gastrulation
11
Q
Amnion has what inside of it
A
Amniotic fluid
12
Q
what occurs during day 15 through 27 of the uterine cycle
A
progesterone levels increase, uterine glands become functional, secrete glycol protein and coats epithelial surface
13
Q
what does the notochord form
A
the long axis of the body
14
Q
What does logos mean
A
To study
15
Q
luteal cells form what
A
corpus luteum
16
Q
When does adolescence occur
A
When individual has ability to reproduce, 12 to 17,
17
Q
the golgi apparatus in sperm maturation will form into
A
acrosome by fusing together with membranes
18
Q
The inner cell mass will eventually form the
A
Baby
19
Q
what is the protectant cover of sperm made of
A
glycoprotein and seminal plasma protein
20
Q
what is the animal pole
A
where baby is located, where inner cell mass is
21
Q
straight arteries are found in
A
basal layer
22
Q
Rostral means
A
Toward the nose
23
Q
the fluid filled cavity in the blastocyst helps with
A
diffusion of nutrients and oxygen
24
Q
what occurs after morula
A
fluid filled cavity becomes present creating blastocyst
25
what day is the late blastocyst
day 7
26
what are the three types of implantation
central, eccentric, and interstial
27
Oblique section creates
Any section not on the lines above
28
what are multipotential cells in cleavage
every cell has the ability to form a baby
29
what do mesenchyme cells look like
star shaped
30
What is embryology
The study of the embryo
31
why doesnt the hormone drop in the uterine cycle affect the basal layer
hormone drop does not affect the straight arteries
32
Cranial means
Toward the head
33
what phase is day 6 through 14 of the uterine cycle
proliferative phase
34
what are the end of the infundibulum
fimbriae
35
the tail of the mature sperm contains
rest of the flagellum
36
what is polyspermia
multiple fertilizations
37
what are the three layers formed during gastrulation
epiblast, mesoderm and hypoblast
38
what layer is lost during menstrual cycle
functional layer
39
What is the ductus deferens also known as
Vas deferens
40
what is along the inside edge of the egg
cortical granules
41
bottle cells are
epiblastic cells that are committed to becoming the mesoderm
42
function of the bulbourethral gland
secretes a lubricating fluid during the excitement phase that exits the urethra and coats the head of the penis
43
What are the stages in the postnatal period
Infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood
44
how many secondary spermatocyte come from one primary
two
45
what phase is day 1 through 5 of uterine cycle
menstrual phase
46
a mature sperm contains
head, midpiece and tail
47
how long does it take for the mesoderm to form
5 to 7 days
48
what is the percentage of fertilizations that occur in the ampulla
90 to 95%
49
what type of implantation do humans use
interstial
50
what is the percentage of sperm cells that will die in the vaginal cavity
99%
51
what happens to the sperm cell during sperm maturation
lose cytoplasm, lose most of their organelles but the mitochondria
52
where does fertilization occur in the female
ampulla
53
Infancy occurs when
First year of life
54
what occurs during cortical reaction
when sperm fuses with egg, influx of Ca2+ causing cortical granules to release enzymes
55
where is the uterus located during pregnancy
uterus will flip up and will grow into the abdominal cavity
56
what male sex organs are bilateral
testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, bulibourethral gland, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct
57
why is fructose added to seminal fluid
energy source for sperm cells
58
Childhood occurs when
Year one to puberty, puberty varies per individual
59
what are the three phases of implantation
muscular, adhesive, and invasion
60
when the sperm approaches the zona pellucida what occurs
sperm attaches to the ZP3 receptor
61
what are the three regions of the uterine tube
isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum
62
what male sex organs are unilateral
prostate gland, urethra (all three portions)
63
compact layer of uterine cycle is made up of
surface epithelium
64
what phase is day 15 through 27 of the uterine cycle
secretory phase
65
Function of primary villi
Increase surface area to create a more efficient placenta
66
what are the two different sources of blood in the uterine cycle/ endometrium
spiral arteries and straight arteries
67
the cells that form from cleavage are known as
multipotential cells
68
why animal pole sticks to uterine wall first
inner cell mass needs to be endometrium ASAP to get blood vessels and get a good supply of oxygen and nutrients
69
what happens during muscular phase of implantation
uterus goes under small contractions as embryo enters uterus, endometrial wall becomes wavy which slows down the embryo
70
spongey layer of the the uterine cycle is made up of
bodies of uterine gland and connective tissue
71
what is the buccopharyngeal
only contain the hypoblast and epiblast and will eventually become the mouth
72
when does the bilaminar disc end
going into the third week
73
what is phase one of fertilization
sperm cells moves through corona radiata pushing corona radiata cells aside
74
what occurs during the adhesive phase of implantation
embryo sticks to glycoprotein of uterine wall
75
Dorsal means
Toward the back
76
where do the formation of sperm cells occur
seminiferous tubules in the testes
77
spiral arteries are found in
compact, spongey and basal layers
78
function of neuroanteric canal
connects amnion above and yolk sac below allowing for last time they can communicate and equal out concentrations
79
Frontal section creates
Front and back sections
80
as cells start coming into primitive node or streak they become
bottle cells
81
basal layer of the uterine cycle is made up of
connective tissue and base of the glands
82
every cell division will be at what angle
right angle to the previous
83
what is central implantation
embryo is going to implant that it attaches to endometrium but does not penetrate into the endometrium, baby develops in the lumen of the uterus
84
what happens if polyspermia occurs
birth defects
85
sperm cells can only live in female reproductive system for...
no more than 24 hours
86
endoderm comes from
hypoblast
87
When syncytiotrophoblast has reached the maternal blood vessels what has created
Uteroplacental circulation
88
function of body of uterus
implantation of fertilized egg,
89
when does the adhesive phase occur
in secretory phase of uterine cycle
90
how many primary spermatocytes are created by one spermatogonium cell
one
91
Function of amnion
Shock absorber and to protect the baby
92
when sperm crosses the cervix how long does it take to get to the ampulla
2 to 7 hours
93
what is unique of the prostatic urethra
meets with ejaculatory duct and creates the point where urinary and reproductive system meet
94
purpose of mitosis
take parent cell and make two identical daughter cells
95
What is the primary sex organ of the male
Testis
96
what occurs during fast block
sperm cell fuses with egg cell causing depolarization in egg causing electrical even and tasers any sperm cell in the area and shuts it down unable to fertilize egg
97
when acrosome secretes enzymes what happens in sperm cell
influx of sodium and calcium and sperm then releases hydrogen ions creating an acidic environment
98
how many egg nests per ovarian cycle
around 12
99
what part of embryo attaches to uterine wall
animal pole
100
how many phases to fertilization
three
101
12 egg nests produce how many primary follicles
12
102
Trophoblast eventually forms the
Placenta
103
What are the three parts of the ductus deferens
Spermatic cord, inguinal canal and posterior aspect of the urinary bladder
104
Describe the ductus deferens
Muscular tube that uses parastolic movement to move sperm
105
what is the trilaminar disc
epiblast, mesoderm and hypoblast
106
what is phase two of fertilization
penetration of the zona pellucida
107
are inner mass cells still multipotential cells
no
108
Adulthood occurs when
18 to death
109
one spermatogonium creates how many spermatids
4
110
what organ serves as the birth canal
vagina
111
What is descriptive embryology
Mechanisms of development
112
when does ovulation occur
day 14
113
what occurs during day 7 after fertilization
implantation
114
does the late blastocyst have a zona pallucida
no
115
What subdivision of embryology do we primarily look at
Descriptive
116
the notochord develops in the midline of the what
mesodermal layer
117
what occurs during phase three
sperm cells turns 90 degrees after entering zona and fuses with the egg
118
the uterine cycle occurs where
the endometrium
119
is a secondary spermatocyte haploid or diploid
haploid
120
what is eccentric implantation
embryo is going to implant half into endometirum and half out in lumen
121
cortical granules release enzymes that do what
harden the zona pellucida, cause ZP3 and ZP2 to become inactive, and causes ZP3 and ZP2 to become ZP3f and ZP2f
122
what are the two options of spermatogonium cells
can go through mitosis and create more spermatogonium cells or differentiate into a primary spermatocyte
123
what are the three parts of the uterus
fundus, body, and cervix
124
what happens during the invasion phase of implantation
trophoblastic layer begins to go through mitosis and the uterine cells of the epithelium become interrupted allowing the embryo to enter the endometrium and the surface lining of the uterus will repair itself
125
when does true fertilization occur
when nucleus of egg fuses with nucleus of sperm
126
what are identical twins
exact same genetic makeup
127
From epididymis where does sperm go
Ductus deferans
128
Transverse section creates
Top and bottom sections
129
what type of muscle does the upper portion of the prostate have
smooth muscle
130
what are the three layers of the endometrium for the uterine cycle
compact layer, spongey layer, and basal layer
131
what do cumulus cells do
secrete chemoattractants that tells sperm where to go and gives them energy to help swim into ampulla
132
What is important of the inguinal canal of the ductus deferens
Tunnel through the abdominal wall and the opening from outside of abdominal wall to the inside of the abdominal wall
133
When does the fetal stage occur
End of 8 weeks to birth
134
function of endometrium
baby implants and grows here, sheds to form menstrual period
135
The bilaminar disc contains what
Epiblast and hypoblast
136
how many days does it take to get to mature follicle in the ovarian cycle
14 days
137
what is the trilaminar disc
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
138
ectoderm comes from
epiblast
139
what is the purpose of the cortical granules
contain enzymes used to stop polyspermia
140
what occurs with ZP2 receptor
went through conformational change causing it to clamp down on the acrosome
141
what happens with the acrosome when clamped by ZP2
releases other acrosin and can now dissolve the zona proteins
142
as bottle cells enter into the mesoderm they form into
mesenchyme cells
143
what is the primary reason for the female reproductive system
designed for the care of the baby as it is developing.
144
What is the function of the yolk sac
Waste storage
145
the head of a mature sperm contains
nucleus and acrosome
146
corpus luteum secrete what
progesterone
147
what layer of the uterus is the thickest
myometrium
148
what happens when sperm cells releases H+ into environment
creates acidic environment causing drop in pH and change ZP3 receptor to ZP2 receptor
149
what becomes the starting point for all systems development
mesoderm or notochord
150
is ZP3 specific or non specific
non specific to different species
151
how long is the neuroanteric canal open for
24 hours
152
what occurs when the acrosome dissolves
enzymes released into the environment of ZP3 receptor causing changes in environment
153
what is the cloacal membrane
only contain the hypoblast and epiblast and will eventually become the anus
154
Two functions of the epididymis
Site of storage of sperm cells and activation of sperm cells
155
is the developing embryo polarized
yes
156
what does the membranous urethra pass through
series of muscles and connective tissue
157
function of uterine tube
muscular tube that the egg cell will travel from ovary to uterus
158
what occurs during capacitation
ion movement across cell membrane which causes the membrane potential to change and push the proteins out away from sperm cell allowing sperm to cross corona radiata
159
what are the fertilization outcomes
restored the 2n chromosomes, sex determination, initiation of cleavage division
160
What happens during the embryonic stage
Most of the organ systems are forming
161
what structure allows the seminal fluid to exit the body
penile urethra
162
Fertilization represents what day
Day zero
163
What are the planes of section
Median, sagittal, transverse, frontal (coronal), and oblique
164
if fertilization occurs in the ampulla, how long till reaches uterus
7 days
165
mesenchyme cells form what
the mesoderm layer
166
what is the point of smooth muscle in the prostate gland
during excitement phase, muscle will contract cutting off the urethra and keeping urine from mixing with semen
167
primary spermatocyte can go through what to create
meiosis and create secondary spermatocytes
168
when does invasion phase of implantation occur
day 10
169
what protein does the ZP3 receptor have
bindin protein
170
What occurs during the fetal stage
Baby is going to grow and become very large, cellular differentiation
171
can the polar be fertilized
yes but does not have enough cell mass to support life and just dies off
172
Why Are the hypoblast and epiblast are held in space and not able to expand laterally
Due to the position of the amnion and yolk sac
173
What is the muscle that attaches to the epididymis and testis to pull them closer to the body
Cremasler muscle
174
what is the cell shape of the mesoderm
squamous
175
what surrounds the egg cell in a secondary follicle
zona pellucida
176
What are the two functions of the testis
Sperm cell production and produce and secrete testosterone
177
Caudal means
Toward the tail
178
how do identical twins occur
at two cell stage, the two cells separate from each other and become two independent cells
179
what is the function of the prostate gland
add fructose to seminal fluid
180
what first starts gastrulation
the epiblast begins to go through mitosis causing cells to push inward and fold under the epiblast and hypoblast
181
function of perimetrium
separate uterus from all surrounding organs and tissues
182
one secondary spermatocyte creates how many spermatids
two
183
Is the sperm cell active in the testis
No
184
is a primary spermatocyte haploid or diploid
diploid
185
Getting rid of the protective sperm cover is called what
capacitation
186
What does embryon mean
Something that swells in the body
187
Function of umbilical cord
Get rid of wast products and receive nutrients and
| O2
188
What are the subcategories of embryology
Descriptive, comparative and experimental
189
Can adolescence overlap with puberty
Yes
190
what are the two types of twins
identical and fraternal
191
What is experimental embryology
Change some factor and see how it affects develop emend
192
what is the vegetative pole
just going to have placental components
193
how is the notochord form
mesodermal cells are going to form a square structure on hypoblast that will then round up and lose contact with the hypoblast
194
What is the ejaculatory duct
The point at which the ductus deferens unites with the seminal vesicle
195
Ventral means
Toward belly
196
when does cleavage division end
when embryo is 16 cells
197
what does the prostatic urethra pass through
the prostate gland
198
what happens after secondary spermatocyte is formed
goes through meiosis again and creates spermatids
199
Birth represents what day
Day zero
200
what is the fornix
ring that goes around cervix of the vagina
201
tubal pregnancy occurs when
implantation in the uterine tube
202
follicle cells left after ovulation begin to swell are then called
luteal cells
203
in the uterine tube, sperm cells get signals from what
corona radiata
204
are the daughter cells of mitosis haploid or diploid
diploid
205
how many follicles reach the second follicle in ovarian cycle
around 6
206
what protein is in the acrosome
egg binding protein
207
Median section creates
Equal right and left sections, aka midsagittal
208
why sperm turn 90 degrees
to keep from dissolving egg cell
209
when does morula occur
4 days since first division of cleavage
210
what are the two populations of cells formed in a blastocyst
trophoblast and inner cell mass
211
When does the embryonic stage occur
First 9 weeks of development
212
Function of secondary yolk sac
Allow waste products to go through chorion
213
function of centrioles in sperm maturation
make microtubules and form the flagellum
214
how long does capacitation occur
7 hours
215
the nucleus in sperm maturation is haploid or diploid
haploid
216
what occurs when sperm binds with ZP3 receptor
acrosome outer membrane dissolves
217
if no fertilization, what is the phase called of day 28 of the uterine cycle
ischemic phase
218
what are the two poles of the developing embryo
animal pole and vegetative pole
219
What male sex anatomy lies outside the body cavity
Testis and epididymis
220
how does morula receive nutrients and O2
simple diffusion
221
what structures are in sperm maturation
nucleus, golgi apparatus and centrioles
222
What is comparative embryology
Viewing changes from day to day, take one species and compare to another species of development
223
when does cleavage start
first four days after fertilization
224
When does puberty occur
Varies per individual, females 12 to 15, males 13 to 16
225
are spermatogonium cells haploid or diploid
diploid
226
where is fundus located
above attachment of uterine tubes
227
luteal cells secrete what
progesterone
228
thecal cells create
estrogen
229
what do the cells of trophoblast look like
cuboidal then become flattened
230
The connecting stalk forms the
Umbilical cord
231
a hole forms in the epiblast known as
primitive node and primitive streak
232
what is fertilization
union of sperm and egg cell
233
what muscle makes up the myometrium
smooth
234
What stages are in the prenatal period
Embryonic and fetal
235
What occurs during infancy
Development
236
what is the function of the ovary
contains germ cell and produces the hormones progesterone and estrogen
237
how do fraternal twins occur
multiple ovulations, separate fertilizations
238
what happens when egg and sperm fuse together
female egg cell nucleus and sperm cell nucleus membranes fuse together
239
where is the uterus located
rests on the superior aspect of the urinary bladder
240
the inner mass cells eventually become the
baby
241
what is the primary female sex organ
ovary
242
function of compact layer of the uterine cycle
protect underlying structures and has opening of uterine glands
243
what is a morula
16 cell solid ball with a present zona pallucida
244
when are eggs formed
during development
245
the midpiece of a mature sperm contains
part of the flagellum and mitochondria
246
where does the ejaculatory duct empty into
male urethra
247
spermatids eventually turn into what
sperm cells
248
what is unique of the female reproductive system
completely separate from GI and urinary
249
function of antrum
move oxygen and nutrients to the egg through diffusion
250
what are the three layers of the uterus
endomtrium, myometrium and perimetrium
251
what are the two ways that block any further sperm cells from fertilizing egg
fast block and cortical reaction
252
why start cleaving fertilized egg
decreases cell size, increases cell mobility making segregation easier and this allows them to become different organs
253
Function of seminal vesicle
Secretory organ, secretes basic solution into sperm to help it survive in woman’s sexual organ due to high acidity
254
the zona pellucida is known as what type of barrier
the true barrier
255
what is the single midline organ of the female reproductive system
uterus
256
the epiblast cell shape is
columnar
257
the functional layer of the uterine cycle is composed of
compact and spongey layer
258
in the uterine cycle, what occurs day 1 through 5
estrogen and progesterone are at their lowest and lose entire functional layer
259
what occurs during day 6 through 14 of the uterine cycle
increase estrogen, completely rebuild functional layer through mitosis
260
what hormone is produced when placenta begins to form
HcG
261
what occurs when ZP3 and ZP2 become ZP3f and ZP2f
no more binding can occur of the sperm and receptor
262
are spermatids haploid or diploid
haploid
263
Ductus deferens sends sperm to
Ejaculatory duct where it unites with seminal vesicle
264
does the muscular phase only occur during fertilization of egg
no
265
if fertilization occurs, what happens to day 28
continues to stay in secretory phase due to progesterone levels staying high
266
what comes out with egg during ovulation
zona pellucida and corona radiata
267
what is interstial implantation
embryo completely enters into endometrium
268
What two main periods of embryology (based on birth)
Prenatal and postnatal
269
Sagittal section creates
Right and left sections
270
What is the other meaning of embryology
The study of development
271
when does HcG form
around time of implantation
272
what are the parents of all sperm cells
spermatogonium cells
273
what is present in embryo that will eventually degenerate and be removed by the system
polar body
274
each inner mass cell is called
embryoblast
275
Will normal sperm cell production occur at the core temp of the male
No
276
what does the trophoblast form
the placenta
277
where are trophoblast located
all around the embryo
278
what are the three parts of the male urethra
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra
279
What is the cell shape of the hypoblast when mesoderm is forming
Cuboidal to squamous in shape
280
what cells undergo meiosis
sex cells
281
characteristic of the membranous urethra
shortest portion
282
cervix contains
canal where sperm swims up into the uterine cavity
