Unit Three Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary system and what is tied together in their development
A
Reproductive system
2
Q
From the trilaminar disc, what are the four mesoderm sections
A
Paraxial, somatic, splanchnic, intermediate
3
Q
What is wedged between the paraxial and lateral mesoderm
A
Intermediate mesoderm
4
Q
Intermediate mesoderm is continuous with what mesoderm during urinary system development
A
Paraxial, somatic, and splanchnic
5
Q
When is the intermediate mesoderm named the nephrotone
A
When intermediate mesoderm loses contact with paraxial mesoderm
6
Q
When the intermediate mesoderm is named the nephrotome, what does it look like
A
Solid mass of cells
7
Q
What is the next stage of the nephrotome after being named that
A
The solid mass of cells begin to hollow out
8
Q
When the nephrotome begins to hollow out, what is it called
A
Nephric tubule
9
Q
The nephric tubule receives blood supply from
A
Dorsal aorta
10
Q
The dorsal aorta sends branches to the nephric tubule and its called
A
Internal glomerulus
11
Q
The dorsal aort also sends branches to what
A
Splanchnic mesoderm
12
Q
When dorsal aorta sends branches to mesoderm, this is called
A
External glomerulus
13
Q
What is the adult derivative of the external glomerulus
A
No adult derivative
14
Q
When the glomerulus pushes into the nephric tubule what occurs
A
Causes tubule to fold in on itself
15
Q
When the nephric tubule folds in on itself, it is called
A
Bowman’s capsule
16
Q
The narrow portion of the tubule is called
A
Bowmans tubule
17
Q
The end of the Bowman’s tubule becomes
A
A duct due to it rounding up
18
Q
How many populations of kidneys are going to form
A
Three
19
Q
What are the three kidneys that develop
A
Pronephros, mesonephro, metanephric
20
Q
What are the first kidneys that form
A
Pronephros
21
Q
When do pronephros form
A
Beginning of fourth week
22
Q
What happens to the pronephros kidneys at the end of the fourth week
A
Disappear
23
Q
Do the pronephros kidneys get out of the nephrotome phase
A
No
24
Q
Where do the pronephros kidneys form
A
Neck
25
When do the mesonephro kidneys form
End of fourth week
26
When do the mesonephro kidneys end development
8th week
27
The mesonephro kidneys form what stage
Tubular stage
28
What occurs during the tubular stage of the mesonephro kidneys
Going to develop a Bowman’s capsule, tubule and duct
29
Where are the mesonephro kidney found
In the thorax but will enter into the abdomen
30
What remains of the mesonephro kidney when undergoing degeneration
Mesonephric duct, loses tubule and capsule
31
Why is the mesonephric duct needed from the mesonephro kidneys
Help develop a reproductive system
32
What kidney forms the adult kidney
Metanephric kidney
33
When does the metanephric kidney develop
7th to 8th week and continues during pregnancy
34
Where does the metanephric kidney develop
Pelvis
35
What starts as individual units but as they continue to grow, they will unite
Mesonephrous
36
Where does the mesonephric duct comes from
Mesonephrous (mesonephrous kidneys)
37
What forms nephrons
Metanephric kidney
38
What is the filtering part of the kidney
Nephron
39
Bowmans capsule develops from
Metanephric kidney
40
Proximal convoluted tubule develops from
metanephric tubule
41
The loop of henle develops from
Metanephric kidney
42
The distal convoluted tube develops from
Metanephric kidney
43
Function of nephron
Take blood plasma, filter, and make urine
44
What forms the collecting part of the kidney
Ureteric bud
45
When urine is formed, where do we collect it to be transferred to bladder
Ureteric bud
46
What makes up the ureteric bud
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, and ureter
47
The ureteric bud grows out of
Mesonephric duct
48
Where does the ureteric bud grow towards
Metanephric kidney
49
When does the kidney start working
When metanephric kidney has formed
50
Urine passes through what and is swallowed by baby
Amniotic fluid
51
How many nephrons in avg human kidney
1 to 3 million nephrons
52
As the cloaca at the distal end of GI tract is going to reach the surface and create
Cloacal membrane
53
The cloacal membrane is made up of
Endoderm and ectoderm
54
Urorectal septum develop from
Mesoderm
55
The urorectal septum starts growing into
Cloaca membrane
56
The urorectal septum causes what to happen to cloaca membrane
Separate into two distinct parts
57
The dorsal cloaca is going to form
The rectum and upper anal canal
58
The anal membrane part of the cloacal membrane will eventually do what
Rupture and form anal opening
59
The cloaca is going to form a ventral structure called what after being separated
Urogenital sinus
60
What are the three parts of the UG sinus
Urinary bladder portion, pelvic portion, and genital portion
61
The urinary bladder portion of UG sinus forms what in the adult
Urinary bladder
62
The pelvic portion in IG sinus is going to form what in male
Prostatic urethra and membranous urethra
63
In the female, the pelvic portion of the UG sinus is going to form
Urethra
64
The genital portion of the UG sinus in male going to form
Penile urethra
65
The genital portion in UG sinus is going to form what in female
Give rest of urethra
66
In the male what is the outgrowth of the prostatic urethra
Prostate gland
67
UG sinus develops from
Endoderm
68
Urethra in both male and female derived ultimately from
Endoderm
69
In the adult, the urorectal septum becomes
Perineum
70
The perineum is developed ultimately from
Mesoderm
71
The perineum is made up of what tissue
Muscles and CT of the pelvis
72
As bladder grows, what is incorporated with it
Mesonephric duct
73
Where does the mesonephric duct become incorporated in the bladder
Posterior wall
74
The posterior mesonephric duct on bladder is called
Trigon
75
Trigon being pulled causes
Sense of urgency to urinate
76
Origin of urinary bladder is
Endoderm and mesoderm (trigon)
77
Where is the SRY region or gene found
Found on the Y chromosome
78
Where on the Y chromosome is SRY found
Short arm, position of 11.2 to 11.3
79
SRY region codes for
Testes determining factor (TDF)
80
Do females secrete TDF
No due to no Y chromosome
81
The genital ridge develops from
Mesoderm
82
Where does the genital ridge develop next to
Mesonephric kidney
83
When the genital ridge differentiates, what two cells lines are seen
Hormone producing cells and support cells
84
What are primordial germ cells
Egg or sperm
85
What cell forms outside the genital ridge
Primordial germ cell
86
Where does primordial germ cell form
In wall of yolk sac
87
When primordial cells form where do they go
Genital ridge
88
How do primordial cells travel to genital ridge
True migration through ameboid action
89
Once germ cells make it to genital ridge they form
The uncommitted gonad
90
Can you tell male or female with uncommitted gonad
Nope
91
In the presence of TDF the primordial germ cell becomes
Sperm
92
What occurs to support cell when TDF is present
Sertolli cell
93
What does the hormone producing cell become if TDF is present
Leydig cell
94
In absence of TDF, primordial cell becomes
Egg cells
95
In absence TDF, support cell becomes
Follicle cell
96
In absence of TDF, hormone producing cell becomes
Thecal cell
97
Describe migration of primordial cells to genital ridge
Migrate up hindgut and migrate across the dorsal mesentery
98
Once the germ cells reach the genital ridge they create
The committed gonad
99
Developing testes or ovary is covered with
CT capsule made up of collagen fibers
100
Coming from CT capsule there is a
Septa
101
Along the septa what will be seen
Three populations of cells
102
What is a sex cord
Septa + cells - unit
103
Sex cords are going to develop differently based on
If you are male or female
104
What two events occur in testes when TDF if present
The outside covering of testes becomes very thick, sex cords are going to elongate
105
What is the thick covering called on the testes
Tunic albuginea
106
What makes the tunic albuginea white
Collagen fibers
107
Function of having thick tunic albuginea on testes
Protection
108
What occurs when the sex cords elongate in the testes
Start to form loops due to decrease room
109
The elongated sex cords become what in the adult male
Seminiferous tubules
110
Semineferious tubules start out what then end up
Start as solid then hollow out when hit puberty
111
If TDF is not present what happens to thick region
Just going to contain surface epithelium and sex cords are going to break apart
112
Why do we want the ovaries to have surface epithelium
Ovaries need to find way out
113
What happens to the broke sex cords in the female
Become egg nests
114
Development depends on presence of
TDF
115
What are the two ducts present in the internal ducts of the respiratory system
Wolffian duct (mesonephric duct) and Müllerian duct (paramesonephric duct)
116
The mesonephric duct develops in conjunction with
Mesonephric kidney
117
The paramesonephric duct grows lateral to what
Mesonephric duct
118
What does the paramesonephric duct develop from
All by itself
119
Sertolli secretes what in the male for the internal duct
Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF)
120
When sertolli cell secretes MIF what happens
Paramesonephric duct shuts down and mesonephric duct becomes dominant structure
121
Since female does not have sertolli cell what happens
No MIF is secreted
122
What occurs to internal ducts in female since no MIF
Paramesonephric duct is dominant structure and the mesonephric duct shuts down
123
What develops from the mesonephric duct
Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory ducts
124
Everything that develops from the mesonephric duct is originally developed from
Mesoderm
125
Where does the prostate come from
Outgrowth of prostatic urethra
126
Prostatic urethra developed from
Pelvic portion of urogenital sinus which came from cloaca and endoderm
127
In the male, the paramesonephric duct becomes what
Appendix testes, appendix epididymis, and prostatic utricle
128
What is the appendix testes
Small CT piece that comes off superior boundary to testes
129
What is the appendix epididymis
Small CT piece from top of epididymis
130
What is the prostatic Utricle
Small impression within prostatic urethra
131
The paramesonephric duct ultimately develops from
Mesoderm
132
What are the three parts in the paramesonephric duct in the female
First part is vertical, second part is horizontal, third part is upper vertical
133
During female development what happens to the first part of the paramesonephric duct
Fuse together and form uterus
134
What parts in the paramesonephric duct forms the uterine duct
Second and third part, horizontal and upper vertical
135
What happens to the mesonephric duct in the female
Disappears
136
The paramesonephric duct is where compared to urogenital sinus
Posterior
137
What is the signal to grow the sinovaginal bulb
When paramesonephric duct touches urogenital sinus
138
The sinovaginal bulb starts out as
Solid structure but quickly starts program cell death and hollows out
139
Development of vagina comes from
Paramesonephric duct and urogenital sinus (lower vagina)
140
What creates lower vagina
Sinovaginal bulb which is outgrowth of urogenital sinus
141
Vagina originally derived from
Mesoderm and endoderm
142
The external genitalia of male and female starts out with
Single midline genital tubercle, two genital folds (posterior), two genital swellings
143
What happens to external genitalia of male
Everything gets pushed to midline
144
Genital tubercle of male forms
Glans of penis (head)
145
The two genital folds of the male push together and fuse and become
Shaft of penis
146
What is a raphe
Dense line of CT under shaft of penis that marks where the two genital folds have fused
147
The genital swellings in the male form
The scrotum
148
What happens to the urethra of the male
The genital folds form around urethra and fuse
149
What is the name when the genital folds of the male do not fuse completely
Hydrospadius
150
In female, the genital tubercle forms what
The clitoris and stays midline
151
What happens to the genital folds in female
Stay apart and form labia minora
152
What happens to the two genital swellings of the female
Stay apart and form the labia majora
153
What is homologous
Structures that form from the same origin but give different adult structures
154
Respiratory system develops from
Endoderm
155
What are the two development events in the respiratory development
Organogenesis and differentiation
156
Organogenesis of respiratory begins and ends
Third week and goes to 16 th week of development
157
What occurs during organogenesis of respiratory
See organ of the respiratory develop
158
When does differentiation of the respiratory system occur
Fourth month of development and continues after birth
159
What occurs during differentiation of respiratory system
Take the organs and undergo cell differentiation
160
What are the two stages in organogenesis
Embryonic and pseudoglandular
161
What occurs during embryonic stage of organogenesis
Outgrowth of the foregut anteriorly and some branching occurs
162
What occurs during pseudoglandular stage of organogenesis
See glands grow out of branching but it is solid as it grows
163
What are the three stages of differentiation in respiratory system
Canlicular, saccular and alveolar
164
What occurs in cannicular of differentiation
Structure begins to hollow out and look like tube due to cell programmed death
165
What occurs in saccular stage of differentiation
Increase number of respiratory sacs and expansion of respiratory area
166
What occurs in alveolar stage of differentiation
Alveoli become potentially functional, ability to start exchanging gas
167
Aka of lung bud
Tracheobronchial diverticulum
168
How does lung bud develop into esophagus and trachea
Two outer portion grow faster than middle causing pinching of middle and two separate tubes to form
169
When the trachea begins to elongate it create
Two primary bronchi
170
Two primary bronchi divide into
Secondary bronchi
171
Secondary bronchi will divide into
Tertiary bronchi
172
What develops the conduction system of the respiratory
Organogenesis
173
What make up the conduction system of the respiratory
Bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
174
Differentiation begins by forming
Respiratory zones
175
What are the respiratory zones
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
176
The ducts of the differentiating division form
Sacs
177
How many generations do alveolar sacs form after baby is born
6
178
When does surfactant begin to form
25 weeks
179
Function of surfactant
Decrease surface tension to increase efficiency of oxygen and CO2 exchange
180
What are the two types of cells in the alveolar sacs
Type one and type two pneumocytes
181
What type of cell are pneumocytes
Simple squamous
182
Function of type one pneumocytes
Responsible for O2 and CO2 exchange
183
When do you see the most of type one pneumocytes
After birth, form when alveolar sacs developing
184
Shape of type 2 pneumocytes
Taller, cuboidal to columnar
185
Function of type 2 pneumocytes
Make surfactant
186
When do type 2 pneumocytes develop
As lungs develop
187
Diaphragm is made up of
Connective tissue and muscle
188
Diaphragm is derived from
Mesoderm
189
What are the four sources of tissue that make up the diaphragm
Wall of embryo, esophagus with mesentery, septum transversum and pleuroperotineal membrane
190
The growth coming in from the wall of the embryo for the diaphragm develops in conjunction with
Other structures in abdominal wall such as muscles
191
The esophagus with mesentery of the diaphragm develop in conjunction with
Other structures such as esophagus????
192
Septum transversum grows from
Growing in mesoderm by itself
193
Septum transversum is made up
Primarily CT
194
How many pleuroperitoneal membrane in the body
Two
195
What is the pleuroperitoneal is made up of what
CT
196
When the four sources of the diaphragm don’t grow together what occurs
Hole in diaphragm known as hernia
