Unit Two Flashcards
What were (3) characteristics of the Progressive Mind?
Response to problems of Gilded Age: industrialization, big business, political corruption, social conditions
Reliance on authority of government, caused its expansion and gain of power
Leadership role of middle class professionals.
How is populism similar to progressivism?
How is populism different?
How is progressivism different?
Both worried about industrial society, big business.
Populism was narrow movement, rural, provincial, unsuccessful.
Progressivism was broad reform effort, urban, middle class, nationwide, successful.
What is a Muckraker?
Who was the original Muckraker? What did he write first, and eventually publish?
Who was his female counterpart?
What did the Muckrakers end up doing?
What else did Muckrakers influence?
Magazine reporters
Lincoln Steffens, “Tweed Days in St Louis.”, exposing the corruption of city bosses. he then published “The Shame of the Cities,” gather all his essays in a novel.
Ida Tarbell, “History of the Standard Oil Company.”, exposing the ruthless actions of Rockefeller.
Popularizing the progressive spirit.
Novels
What occurred on a wide scale to business and industry?
What did this cause?
Wave of consolidation and mergers, fear of monopolies
Oligopoly in many industries.
What did Henry Ford do?
assembly line, mass production., made automobiles cheeper and available to the masses, popularized assembly lines
What did Frederick Winslow Taylor write, and do?
Wrote “The Principles of Scientific Management”, revolutionized how factories were run, worked to find the most efficient and productive way, however people lost individual power in their jobs due to his methods
What were some Civil Rights concerns for African Americans (5)?
What was the first movement concerning these concerns?
What association came of this?
Who was the leading African American advocate?
segregation, voting, education, economic opportunity, violence.
Niagara movement, Meeting at Niagara Falls
NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- to fight for these rights
W.E.B. DuBois, he edited “The Crisis”, the NAACP magazine; most active and famous voice for African American equality
What occurred in Immigration?
What types of immigrants dominated?
What occurred from this?
Where did another new group of immigrants come from.
Continuing mass immigration
New immigrants dominated (Eastern and Southern Europe)
Growing nativism, and “Americanization” attempts.
Increasing immigration from Mexico after 1910, due to its lack of stability.
What did working women do and symbolize?
Resistance against cult of domesticity, working woman as symbol of female emancipation.
What occurred to the amount of working women?
Increase in number of working women
What sort of jobs did women work in?
Service sector (domestic servants), factory, and clerical jobs.
Did women work as professionals? Were there exceptions to this rule?
Little opportunity for female professionals
Nursing, teaching
What were people’s attitudes about working women?
Continuing criticism of female employment
Who was the leader of the AFL, what were they doing?
AFL with Samuel Gompers, largest union.
Conservative, devoted to skilled craftsmen
What union organized women?
What was one of their strikes?
What disaster followed the strike?
What occurred because of this disaster?
WTUL, Women’s Trade Union League, 1903.
Strike at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 1909, demand weren’t met
Triangle Fire killed 146 employees, 1911.
Government started to implement changes
What union organized all workers (not the Knights)?
Who founded this, what strikes did they organize, what was important about him?
What was their ultimate goal?
What type of strike did they want to organize?
What important disaster follow one of their strikes?
IWW, Industrial Workers of the World,
Founder William “Big Bill” Haywood helped organize Paterson and Lawrence strikes, he was a radical socialist
Goal was to unite all workers, overthrow capitalism.
General strike, all workers stop working
Ludlow Massacre, 1914, 20 people died in attack on Colorado mine workers. The workers went on strike, and were evicted from company housing (part of strike reason), and made tent cities, the troops attacked these.
Who ran the Ashcan School?
What were they?
What did they paint?
Robert Henri, painter and art teacher.
Urban realist.
Unidealized view of city life, working class, slums, back alleys.
What did new feminists do?
Women rebelled against traditional roles of sexual behavior.
Who ran the birth control movement?
What was her job?
What book did she wright, and what’d she advocate for?
What important system she open?
What organization did she form?
Margaret Sanger led birth control movement
Nurse on Lower East Side, heard lots of complaints over lack of birth control
Woman Rebel, feminist, free speech advocate.
Opened first American birth control clinic in Brooklyn, 1916, handed out condoms
American Birth Control League, 1921.
Where did women reformers work?
What was the most famous example?
Women reformers worked in settlement houses,they provided social services
Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889.
What organization promoted social justice?
What was their focus?
Who was a more radical reformer, what did she do as opposed to the others, what was her ‘solgan’?
What did the growing pressure result in?
WCTU, Women’s Christian Temperance Union, promoted social justice reform.
Focus on prohibition.
Kansas leader Carrie Nation destroyed bars, saloons, instead of speaking, and saying hymns, “Smash, ladies, smash!”
18th Amendment banned alcohol, was adopted in 1919.
What was the merged organization for women’s suffrage?
Who led them?
What organization broke away from this one, who led them, and what did they do?
What was the end result?
National American Woman Suffrage Association formed, 1890.
NAWSA leader Carrie Chapman Catt, focused strictly on suffrage.
Congressional Union, National Women’s Party, Alice Paul led protests and rallies
19th Amendment, vote for women, adopted in 1920.
What did reform mayors want to do?
Reform mayors to clean up cities, corruption, prostitution. More democratic, effective local government.
What was the most famous state reformer?
What was his ‘idea’ (5)?
How did this effect other states?
Robert LaFollette, “Fighting Bob,” Wisconsin Gov., 1900.
Wisconsin Idea: RR regulation, public utilities, worker’s compensation, state income tax, direct primary (voters elect candidates)
Reforms were adopted by other states.
What happened to McKinley?
Who replaced him?
President McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, 1901; Roosevelt replaced him
What did Theodore Roosevelt believe in?
TR was forceful, dynamic leader, believed in strong federal government.
How did Theodore Roosevelt deal with a strike?
What did he say about this?
Coal miner strike threatened economy, 1902.
Fed. government intervention, arbitration, mitigation, compromise
“Wasn’t that a square deal?”
What Theodore Roosevelt prosecute (4)?
What was he not, necessarily?
“Trust busting”: Northern Securities, Swift & Co., Standard Oil, Am. Tobacco.
Not necessarily anti-trust, only “busted” the “bad” ones left the “good” ones alone
What act did Theodore Roosevelt pass (3)?
Hepburn Act, 1906, railroad regulation, strengthened ICC, set max. rates.
What book inspired new acts?
What were the acts?
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906.
Meat packing industry, readers disgusted.
Meat Inspection Act, 1906.
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906.
What did Theodore Roosevelt do about the environment?
First comprehensive national conservation policy, conserve resources and make national parks/ reservations.
Who was Roosevelt’s friend?
William Howard Taft, TR’s friend, handpicked successor.
What did Taft lack?
Lacked progressive reform spirit.
What did Taft do to the tariff?
passed act raised tariff
What hurt (not quite ended) the Taft-Roosevelt friendship?
Firing of Gifford Pinchot, alienated conservationists.
What ended the Taft-Roosevelt friendship?
Antitrust lawsuit against U.S. Steel angered TR, because he had earlier approved US Steel to buy Tennessee Coal & Iron.
What occurred from the Taft-Roosevelt split?
Republicans were divided, in the 1912 election
For the 1912 election, who did the Republicans wish to nominate?
Taft nominated to stand for reelection.
What party broke off of the Republicans? Who did they wish to nominate?
Progressives, “Bull Moose” Party chose Roosevelt.
For the 1912 election, who did the Democrats wish to nominate?
Democrats selected NJ governor Woodrow Wilson.
For the 1912 election, who did the Socialists wish to nominate?
Eugene Debs, former union leader
What did the Republicans split cause?
Split among Republicans opened door for Democrats, Wilson won
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
WW was idealist, moralist, Princeton Univ. professor and president.
What act did Wilson pass concerning the Tariff?
Underwood Tariff Act, 1913.
Reduced tariff and implemented federal income tax (for the rich)
What act did Wilson pass concerning national banking?
Federal Reserve Act, 1913.
National banking system, Fed. Reserve Board, 12 regional banks, bank for banks
Regulate money supply, interest rates.
What act did Wilson pass concerning trusts?
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914.
Outlawed “unfair competition,” interlocking directorates (Same CEO runs ‘competing’ companies)
What commission did Wilson create?
Federal Trade Commission, to investigate when companies break rules
What was Wilson’s major flaw?
WW was anti-Black, had abysmal civil rights record.
Segregated federal government jobs
What is pragmatism?
Who published a book on it?
A philosophy about knowing what is doable, not dreaming, US contribution to philosophy, a results oriented philosophy
William James wrote book called “Pragmatism”
What did Theodore Roosevelt want America to do?
Specifically?
What was his “motto”?
America must act like world power, create and maintain order.
U.S. domination of western hemisphere
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
What did Theodore Roosevelt support?
What occurred when a treaty was created?
So what did the US do?
How did this end?
TR supported a Central American Canal.
Treaty rejected by Colombian Senate.
U.S. encouraged Panamanian “revolution.”
U.S. control of canal zone, 1903.
What was the Venezuela Crisis?
What did this event cause?
What did this mean?
Europe invaded western hemisphere to deal with Venezuelan debt
Roosevelt Corollary, 1904.
U.S. will intervene in Latin America to maintain order, keep Europe out.
U.S. became policeman of the western hemisphere.
What was Taft’s method called?
How was it compared to Roosevelt?
What did he promote?
What was the goal?
What did his method require?
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
Taft was less aggressive.
He promoted financial and business interests abroad.
Goal: bring peace and stability through trade relations.
Dollar diplomacy required military support.
What was Woodrow Wilson’s method called?
What did Woodrow Wilson advocate for?
What did he support (4)?
What did he end up doing?
Where was his main challenge?
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
WW advocated a missionary foreign policy.
Supported justice, human rights, national integrity, and democracy.
Wilson used military force to protect American interests.
Intervened more than Roosevelt or Taft.
Moral diplomacy faced challenges in Mexico.
What did Wilson want to do with the Mexican revolution?
What did the Navy do under Wilson’s orders?
Who attacked the US on US land?
What followed this?
How did this end?
Wilson wanted to guide Mexican revolution.
The Navy seized port city Vera Cruz, in defiance of the Huerta regime, lost and briefly strengthened his rule
Pancho Villa attacked Columbus, NM.
The Punitive Expedition: General Pershing pursued Pancho Villa across Northern Mexico, 1916-1917.
Without finding Villa, and leaving a Legacy of distrust in Mexico.
What laid the foundation for the start of World War One (3)?
How did Germany further this?
What did this result in?
Nationalism, imperialism, escalating arms race.
Germany’s push toward world power.
Precarious balance of power.
What were the two alliances, for WWI?
Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) v. Triple Entende (Britain, France Russia).
What state was especially unstable, before WWI?
Instability of Austria-Hungary.
What did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand cause (3 events)?
Austrian ultimatum, declaration of war on Serbia.
Russia came to support Serbia
Alliances kicked in.
What was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Trigger on unstable situation.
In respect to WWI, what did the US originally do?
United States declared neutrality, 1914.
What two military tactics threatened US neutrality?
Why was this?
British blockade of German ports.
German submarine warfare.
War trade threatened neutral rights.
What specific event caused the US to threaten Germany with the US’s possible entry into the war?
The sinking of the Lusitania by U-20, 1915.
1200 people died, including 128 Americans
What did the sinking of the Lusitania cause the US to demand (2)?
American pressure on Germany: Protect passenger ships, neutral shipping.
What finally caused Germany to comply with US demands?
After sinking the Sussex, Germany made Sussex Pledge, 1916.
Who became president at the end of Wilson’s term?
Wilson reelected as peace candidate.
What was the first, direct, way the US became involved with the war?
American peace initiative, 1916-1917.
“Peace without victory” failed.
What two events were caused by Russia’s weakness?
Russian weakness sparked German hope for quick victory.
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, Feb. 1917.
What telegram caused support for the US entering the war?
Zimmermann telegram intercepted.
Proposed alliance Germany – Mexico.
What was the final straw that caused the US to issue war?
5 American ships sunk by U-boats in Mar. 1917.
What (2) things were special about the US’s effort in the war?
The US entered late and played crucial role in Allied victory.
What type of proposal was supposed to characterize the peace talks?
Proposals for a non-punitive settlement.
What three things were apart of the peace talks?
Guidelines for new world order.
Peoples’ right to national self-determination.
League of Nations
What treaty officially ended the war?
What did it include?
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Some of the 14 points
What was the European’s attitude about the treaty?
What was the European’s attitude about Germany?
Europeans were skeptical about Wilson’s ideas.
Wanted Germany disarmed and crippled.
What general attitude about the The Treaty of Versailles did the US have?
U.S. skepticism about League of Nations and collective security (the League protects each other)
Who completely opposed the The Treaty of Versailles?
Irreconcilables
Who wanted amendments on the The Treaty of Versailles?
Reservationists
What did Wilson do about the issues concerning The Treaty of Versailles in the US?
Wilson rejected changes to covenant of collective security.
Was The Treaty of Versailles ratified?
U.S. Senate did not ratify Treaty of Versailles.
What two mindsets characterized post-war US?
The horror of trench warfare.
Cynicism toward Wilsonian idealism, moral crusade.
His “The war to end all wars,” “to make the
world safe for democracy.”
What did the US do after the war?
U.S. retreated to western hemisphere, progressivism declined.
What three things helped the US in the war?
Impressive mobilization effort.
A planned, highly centralized economy. Thousands of new federal agencies.
What federal agency was concerned with industry during WWI?
War Industries Board, WIB, run by Bernard Baruch.
Ensured production was helping the war effort, supplying their needs
What federal agency was concerned with Propaganda during WWI?
Committee on Public Information, CPI, led by George Creel.
Ran war propaganda.
Encouraged patriotism.
What were two important acts passed during WWI and what did they do?
Espionage Act, 1917: banned aiding enemy, obstructing recruitment, encouraging disloyalty.
Sedition Act, 1918: banned “disloyal, profane, abusive, or scurrilous language” against the government or war effort
Who especially did the US government take action against during WWI?
Who was the most famous example?
Government took action against socialists, communists, pacifists.
In 1918, Eugene Debs was arrested for violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 years in Federal prison.
What did the the war do for/to women?
Employment opportunities.
Women moved into war industries.
What did blacks do during the war?
Who supported the war believing it would help blacks?
“Great Migration” to the North: Blacks left rural South for industrial jobs
W.E.B. DuBois supported war, but saw no significant gains for Blacks.
In the twenties what happened to industrial output?
Industrial output doubled, 1922-1929.
What helped industry (3)?
New industries, new technologies and machines, standardized mass production.
What was industry’s focus?
Specifically?
Booming consumer goods industries, focus on standard of living.
Auto, at the center of new consumer culture, changed America.
What increased along with industry?
Boom in advertising and marketing.
What entertainment industry increased?
Hollywood movies became big, an industry in and of itself
Where did most Americans live in the 1920s?
A majority of Americans lived in cities.
What did cities create?
What resulted from this?
Cities produced a new way of life.
Rebellion against Puritan/Victorian morals.
What did Urban America embrace?
Urban America embraced modern consumer culture.
What changed with feminism?
Female liberation as lifestyle: women demanded new freedoms; social freedoms, not political
What characterized the flapper (5)?
The flapper: short skirts, jobs, car, vote, rebellious behavior (smoking, dancing)
What characterized the Roaring Twenties (4)?
Roaring Twenties: fun & excitement, movies, radio, Gatsby (American dream through illegal means)
Where did traditional values remain?
Traditional values remained strong in the countryside.
What did cities mean to rural inhabitants?
For rural Americans, cities represented moral decline.
What was the new city culture?
Threat to Anglo-American culture.
What resulted from the backlash against the new city culture?
Movement to restore primacy of Protestant culture.
What three things caused the First Red Scare?
Russian Revolution, 1917.
Domestic labor unrest.
A series of bombing attacks.
Who was a victim of some of the bombings, and what did he order?
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer ordered crack down on radicals.
What case was especially prolific, concerning the First Red Scare?
Sacco and Vanzetti, 1920-1927.
Anarchists, executed, revealed prejudice.
Crime was a robbery-murder
What Act enforced prohibition?
Volstead Act, 1920, enforced prohibition.
What group liked prohibition?
Endorsed by progressives & rural conservatives.
What group opposed prohibition?
Ethnic groups opposed, (Italian, German, Irish.)
What did prohibition cause for the lower classes, for the higher classes?
Decline in drinking.
Increase in drinking as a status symbol
What did prohibition cause in society (2)?
Increase in crime and corruption.
Disrespect for the law.
What amendment repealed prohibition?
21st amendment, repealed 18th, 1933.
What was a speakeasy, and what did they do?
Speakeasy was an underground bar for illegal drinking
During the 1920s, the speakeasy replaced the bar and the saloon.
What does KKK stand for?
The Ku Klux Klan
Who founded the modern KKK?
William J. Simmons, founder of the modern Klan, 1915.
Who was important to the recruitment effort, and were they successful?
Hiram Evans, very successful the organization grew a lot
Who did the KKK target (4)?
KKK targeted immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans.
What did the KKK do?
Klan ran political campaigns, but continued violent attacks.
When did they decline?
Decline in the late 1920s.
Who supported Nativism?
Nativism had support from rural Americans, organized labor (fearing wage cuts), East coast aristocracy.
Why did nativism reoccur?
Fear of renewed mass immigration.
What act lowered immigration?
Emergency Immigration Act, 1921.
What act tightened the previous acts stance on immigration (a specific number)?
National Origins Quota Act, 1924, tightened in 1927: 150,000 immigrants/year.
What area received preferential quotas?
Western Europeans received preferential quotas, all Asians banned.
What did Fundamentalist churches stress?
Fundamentalist churches stressed biblical literalism, worried about modern science.
What act supported Fundamentalism?
Butler Act banned teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools.
Who tested the Butler Act?
ACLU (american civil liberties union)tested law with John T. Scopes.
What was important about the Scopes trial?
Scopes trial in Dayton, TN, 1925: William Jennings Bryan v. Clarence Darrow (hot shot lawyers), symbol of culture wars.
What was Americas attitude about politics in the 1920s?
America opposed further reform.
“Return to normalcy.”
How did who Harding appoint effect Harding?
Efficient cabinet, but “Ohio gang” ruined Harding’s reputation.
Which party gained more control in the 20s?
Republicans
Who was the most corrupt in Harding’s cabinet?
Att. Gen. Harry Daugherty, most corrupt.
Who was most associated with a scandal in Harding’s cabinet?
Interior Sec. Albert Fall received kickbacks in Teapot Dome Scandal.
What happened to Harding?
Harding died in office, 1923.
Who did the KKK like/ allow in?
WASP- white anglo-saxon protestant
Who was Coolidge to the people?
Calvin Coolidge was the epitome of dignity and integrity.
What did Coolidge want do with his presidency?
“Silent Cal,” wanted to be “the least President” America ever had.
What was the country like under Coolidge?
Coolidge prosperity, laissez-faire, 1923-29.
What did Coolidge’s people do for the economy?
Protectionism, record high tariffs.
Who were two important people during Coolidge’s presidency that effected the economy?
Andrew Mellon, Treasury Sec. cut taxes and budget.
Commerce Sec. Herbert Hoover promoted cooperation business-government.
What was the state of the Democratic party?
Democrats were weak and divided.
Where was the divide in the Democratic party?
Rural wing in South and West clashed with urban wing in Midwest and Northeast.
Who were two Democratic candidates, and how was their support?
John Davis had weak showing in 1924 election.
Al Smith lost to Hoover in 1928, but won cities.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
An outpouring of art and literature from Harlem, where there was a very large artistic community.
