Unit Three Flashcards
What occurred in 1929?
Stock market crash exposed weaknesses, damaged economy, Oct. 1929; Great Depression.
What was the state of agriculture during the 1930s?
Agricultural crisis.
What occurred to the older industries in the 1930s? Which specific industries (4)?
Decline in older industries:
coal, cotton mills, railroad, lumber.
What occurred on a wide scale to companies and the different classes in the 1930s?
Corporate consolidation and unequal distribution of wealth.
What occurred to consumer industries in the 1930s?
Consumer industries near saturation point.
What occurred to wages in the 1930s?
Inequitable wage increases.
What occurred to the general stock market in the 1930s?
Market speculation- stocks were overvalued
“margin buying”- buying stocks on credit became a problem
What occurred to general confidence in the 1930s?
Declining business and consumer confidence.
What happened to business and bank in the 1930s?
Bank and business failures.
What occurred to employment rates in the 1930s?
Unprecedented unemployment.
What was the underling cause for the problem in the 1930s?
Overproduction – underconsumption.
We could mass produce but not mass consume
What is a Hooverville?
Makeshift homes, of cardboard/ plywood, that those who became homeless created.
What was Herbert Hoover’s initial response to the Great Depression?
Have Faith in America’s economy.
What did Herbert Hoover to deal with the Great Depression?
Volunteerism.
- asking companies to do the right thing for society
- companies initially complied then didn’t
What did Herbert Hoover not initially allow for?
Rejection of federal relief efforts, called them un-American
What occurred when Herbert Hoover created small programs?
Small programs were too little too late.
What were (3) wrong measures that Herbert Hoover implemented?
Wrong measures:
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (raised tariff-international trade at a standstill)
balanced budget (government didn’t spend more than what’s coming in)
tax increases
What event concerned veterans?
What occurred?
What did Herbert Hoover do?
Bonus Army, 1932.
WWI veterans demanded gov. bonus early.
20,000 in Washington, D.C., forced out by military, under Hoover’s orders
What occurred in the next presidential election?
Landslide victory for FDR.
What occurred in the 1930s to the majority of people (3)?
Unprecedented suffering
Starvation
Increased crime
What two services were provided more?
Bread lines
Soup Kitchens
What three social statistics changed?
Increased suicide rates
Declining marriage rates
Declining birth rates
What two mentalities changed?
Self hate- individuals believed themselves at fault
Lack of hope for future
What two factors allowed for FDRoosevelt to unite the democrats?
The Great Depression caused problems hat affected everyone, therefore uniting them, despite their differences.
FDR was very charming and persuasive.
What did FDR do (general) to help fix the Depression?
New Deals
What act of the First New Deal concerned banking?
Emergency Banking Act, 1933. Lend money to banks, restore confidence.
What program of the First New Deal was a highly successful regional program?
Tennessee Valley Authority, TVA, 1933. Built dams, hydroelectric power plants.
What act of the First New Deal concerned industry?
National Recovery Administration. NRA 1933. Create industrial recovery, stabilize prices, production.
What act of the First New Deal concerned agriculture?
Agricultural Adjustment Act, AAA, 1933. Stabilize prices, limit production, pay subsidies (to keep them from producing to much), destroy crops that are in excess
What act of the First New Deal concerned the general cause of the Depression? Led by? Did?
Federal Emergency Relief Act, FERA, 1933.
led by Harry Hopkins, federal welfare, relief payments.
What important program of the First New Deal concerned unemployment?
Civilian Conservation Corps, CCC, 1933.
Jobs for youth, promote conservation
(for parks and forests, fixed them)
What did many work administrations do?
Work to counteract unemployment
What program of the Second New Deal concerned unemployment? What was special about it?
Works Progress Administration, WPA, 1935. Develop infrastructure,
promote American culture- hired artists, actors, painters; created federal theater project- to give plays and make murals; basically gave them jobs
What act of the Second New Deal helped fund other acts?
Wealth Tax Act, 1935.
What was the first act of the Second New Deal that was more permeant?
Social Security Act, 1935. Old-age pensions, disability payments, unemployment compensation.
What other two acts of the Second New Deal were more permeant?
National Labor Relations Act, 1935. Established right of unionization and collective bargaining.
Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938. Established minimum wage, maximum hours.
What two organizations were very different, but both critics of the new deal?
CPUSA. Dreams of revolution were disappointed, communists Liberty League.
The “millionaire’s club” considered the New Deal un-American.
What was a major threat to FDR’s new deal?
Demagogues were threatening to FDR.
Who were the three major Demagogues that threatened FDR?
Father Charles Coughlin
- Detroit radio priest.
- Founder of National Union for Social Justice.
- said New Deal didn’t do enough
- eventually compared to Hitler (due to his fascism and anti-semitism)
Dr. Francis Townsend -pension guy
- Two hundred dollars per month for the elderly.
- required they must spend it
- put pressure on FDR
Huey Long
- Louisiana governor and senator.
- Share-Our-Wealth Society.
- wanted to tax rich heavily, and give it to the poor
- Assassinated, 1935.
How did the New Deal affect the Depression?
New Deal did not end Depression, but helped Americans survive.
How did the New Deal affect the presidency?
It strengthened presidency and federal government.
How did the New Deal affect capitalism?
FDR saved and reformed American capitalism.
How did the New Deal affect democracy?
Democracy survived in United States.
What occurred to minorities during the Depression?
Little progress for minority rights: feminism declined and racial prejudice intensified (people believed that blacks shouldn’t have jobs until all whites do).
How did the programs effect African Americans?
African Americans benefitted from some New Deal programs.
What was one famous case of discrimination during the 1930s?
“Scottsboro boys”- black boys accused of rape by white women The accusation was fabricated, but it took a while for the boys to be released from prison
Who was an active civil rights activist during the 1930s?
Eleanor Roosevelt was eloquent champion of civil rights and women’s rights.
What eventually occurred concerning minorities and federal jobs? What is one important example?
High level positions in federal government. Frances Perkins was the first home secretary of something (labor) in the federal government, she was appointed by FDR.
What occurred concerning labor when FDR took the presidency?
Strikes and labor unrest became more numerous.
How were labor unions effected by the new deal?
Labor unions benefited from New Deal.
What new union emerged and grew during the 1930s? Who did they unionize(4)? What (3) things did they promote?
John Lewis formed Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO, 1936.
Auto, steel, textile, electrical workers unionized.
CIO promoted economic freedom, industrial democracy, and cultural pluralism (pensions, public housing, welfare, safety net, diversity)
What strike was successful?
Sit-down Strike at GM, 1937 -sat down and refused to work -prevented worker replacement -demanded union recognition
What strike was unsuccessful, and ended tragically?
Memorial Day Massacre at Republic Steel Company -police shot into workers that were walking to factory - workers wanted union recognition
What did FDR and the court fight over?
FDR’s “court-packing plan.”
- Proposal to add more justices failed.
- He had wanted new justices because the old ones were rejecting his bills
Who stopped further reform?
Southern Democrats and Republicans stopped further reform.
What weakened Roosevelt’s rule?
Roosevelt recession
-Reduction in government spending (because of fear of debt) led to spike in unemployment, then started spending again and the unemployment went back down
Who gained power in congress?
Republican gains in Congressional elections
What environmental occurence stengtened the effect of the Depression?
What happened?
The Dust Bowl
Overfarming and a massive drought hurt the soil, turning it, essentailly into dust. Windstorms kicked up the dust, destoyed farms, and people moved away.
During the 1920s what type of forign policy did the US undertake in?
U.S. promoted trade, peace, but refused to play leadership role.
During the 1920s what was the US Foreign Policy called?
Meaning?
Independent internationalism.
We had freindly relations, but no allies.
What treaty occured as a result of WWI and US forign policy?
What did it do?
Kellogg-Briand Treaty, 1928.
Attempt to outlaw war.
What caused a change in US policy in the Western Hemisphere?
Declining European threat in western hemisphere.
What specifically changed about US policy in the Western Hemisphere? The name,a nd what it was?
What was the Latin American repsonse?
Clark Memorandum
U.S. renounced Roosevelt Corollary: tried to dominate but did so economically not militarly
US-Latin American relations improved
What was the new US policy in the Western Hemisphere called?
What did we pledge to do?
FDR’s “good neighbor” policy.
Pledge of nonintervention, 1933.
What inspired US isolationism?
Great Depression and WW I experience strengthened desire for noninvolvement.
What was found about the arms industry? What was assumed?
They were profitable during the war.
They were believed to have forced the US into war.
What did the three Neutrality Act outline (in order)?
Neutrality Act, 1935, no U.S. arms sales to belligerents.
Neutrality Act, 1936, banned loans to belligerents.
Neutrality Act, 1937, cash and carry regulations for non-military items (must pay in cash and transport themselves).
Who were the three aggressor nations, and who ruled them at the time?
Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.
Fascist Italy with Benito Mussolini.
Imperial Japan under Emperor Hirohito, premier Hideki Tojo.
What was considered a WWII “dress rehersal”?
Spanish Civil War, 1936-39.
What were the three aggressor nations called, and what did they sign?
Axis powers signed Tripartite Pact.
What two things did Hitler do to begin the war in Europe?
Hitler annexed Austria
Nazis threatened Czechoslovakia, demanding Sudetenland
What occured when Hitler threatened Sudetenland?
What was decided?
Munich Conference, Sept. 1938.
Britain backed down: “appeasement” policy, Hitler got Sudetenland if he promised not to annex any other lands.
What two things did Hitler do after the Munich Conference?
What was the date and result of teh second event?
Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia
Hitler attacked Poland, 1939, start of WWI
After Hitler attacked Poland what did the other major European powers do?
Britain, France declared war on Germany.
What was Japan doing, before the war even started?
Japan occupied Manchuria and attacked coastal regions of China.
What did the US do when Japan attacked China?
U.S. responded with economic pressure.
What occured to cause the US to put more economic pressure on Japan?
After Japan occupied Indochina, U.S. froze Japanese assets, cut off all trade.
What did Japan do after the US cut of US-Japan trade?
How did the US respond?
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
U.S. declared war
What was FDR’s intial response to the break-out of war?
FDR declared neutrality
What did Congress do, under pressure of FDR?
Congress revised Neutrality Acts, cash and carry can apply to arms
What did the US do after the fall of France?
All-out aid to Britain after fall of France
What happened at the end of Roosevelt’s second term?
Roosevelt reelected to 3rd term
What policy did the US put into place when Britin went bankrupt?
Lend-Lease Act, economic warfare (lend arms to Britain).
What occurred when Germany attacked US trade ships?
Undeclared naval war
What was the first U.S. Military Campaign in Europe?
Invasion of North Africa
What U.S. Military Campaign did the US undertake with Britian?
U.S./British Invasion of Italy
What was the final U.S. Military Campaign in Europe, that basically ened the war?
Normandy invasion and liberation of France (D-day).
How did WWII end?
Nazi Germany surrendered
What did the end of the war reveal, concerning German warfare?
German defeat revealed extent of Holocaust.
What type of warfare was undertaken in the Pacific?
Island-hopping campaigns in Pacific, kicking out the Japanese
Who led the US army in the Pacific?
General MacArthur led army to Philippines
Who led the US navy in the Pacific?
Admiral Nimitz led navy campaign
What important project helped end the war in the Pacific?
Manhattan Project, developing atomic bombs
Where did the two atomic bombs hit?
U.S. atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima
Second bomb on Nagasaki
What occured after the atomic bombs were dropped?
Japan surrendered
What was the turning point in the war in the Pacific, which put the US on the offensive?
The Midway Island battle.
How what three reasons justified Trumen’s use of the atmoic bomb?
There would have been high US casulties.
There would have been high Japanese casulties.
So the use of the bomb saved lives.
How did the war change the federal government?
War transformed federal government, new agencies, cooperation business-labor-gov
How did WWII change production?
Factories were running at full capacity
What did WWII do to the general economy?
WW II ended depression, started economic boom and led to postwar prosperity
What won the war?
U.S. industrial capacity won the war, as it was an industrial war.
What (3) problems were there in the WWII economy?
Problems: inflation, tax increases, shortages (of labor and consumer goods (that were rationed)).
What did the draft, and increased production, during WWII do for women?
Labor shortages provided new economic opportunities.
What fraction of the workforce was female?
One-third of civilian labor force was female
What was an iconic image of the Amercian women during WWII?
Rosie the Riveter (muscles, bandanna, “we can do it!” solgan) became an American icon
After the war ended, what was society’s response to women workers?
Society did not embrace permanent expansion of women’s freedom, told women to return home and give thier job to a man.
During WWII what did FDR promote, concerning mionorties (2)?
FDR promoted pluralism, harmony in a diverse society.
How did the war’s message affect African Americans?
Wartime message of freedom resonated with African Americans, encourged fight for rights.
What occured in Black Migration, during WWII?
Black migration to cities in North and West increased again.
How was the civil rights movement affected by WWII?
Civil rights movement was born, but white supremacists resisted change
How were Mexicans effected by WWII?
Mexicans suffered from discrimination, but a new “Chicano” (mix of Mexican and American traditions) culture emerged.
How were the Japanese affected by WWII?
Why was this done?
What occured to other “enemy” ethnic groups?
Rounded up and put in Japanese American Internment Camps, through the Japanese relocation program.
Feared the Japanese civilians were spies amd that they’d side with the enemy
Nothing
What were the Wartime Conferences?
What three big groups attended them?
Three large conferences discussing the war and post war plans.
The US, Britian, and Russia attended.
Why were the Four Freedoms important?
What were the Four Freedoms?
Considered to represent the wartime goals of the Allies, contrasting them ffrom the Axis powers.
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Worship (religion)
Freedom from Want (economic security)
Freedom from Fear (saftey provided by, and from, the government)
What was an important book that critisized the wartime economy?
Who wrote it?
What was its message?
What did it do?
The Road to Serfdom
Friedrich Hayek
Government intervention and planning reduces freedom and creates dictatorship
Helped “revive” capitalism
When did WWII end (a date)?
1945
What was the general attitude between the US and the Soviets, before the Cold war?
High tension from the beginning, fear of each other, because of extreme moral differences and belief the other’s morals would spread.
When the US allied with the USSR for WWII, what two concessions did they give to the USSR?
Diplomatic recognition of Soviet Union
U.S. extended lend-lease program to Soviet Union
What made Stalin believe the US was not fair in its particpation of the alliance?
Stalin urged opening of second front (to take pressure of of the Russian front).
Soviets accused western allies of stalling on purpose (so that they could stay out of the war, while Russia did the fighting).
What were two of the names given to the allaince between the US and the USSR?
Alliance of Necessity
Strange Alliance
At the end of WWII where were US and Russian troops?
Russia occupied eastern Europe, U.S. troops occupied western Europe
What three factors laid the foundation for the start of the Cold War?
Clash over self-determination of liberated nations in Europe, Russia wished to control Eastern Europe.
Problems ruling divided and occupied Germany.
Disagreements over economic aid
What military advantage did the US have?
Tension over U.S. atomic monopoly
What is the Containment Policy?
Who created it?
Counterforce to prevent communist expansion
George F. Kennan, architect of containment
How was the Containment Policy first tested?
What new theory was created?
Uprising of communist rebels in Greece
U.S formulated domino theory (applied to Russian communist takeover)
What policy strengthened the Containment Policy?
What did it allow for?
What was the border meaning?
Truman Doctrine, 1947.
Military/economic aid for Greece and Turkey.
US would intervene anywhere communism was threatened to spread; made the US the “police man” of the world
What was an economic aspect of the Containment Policy?
What two things did it do?
Marshall Plan, 1947.
Economic aid for rebuilding Europe.
Fostered prosperity in western Europe.
To prevent communism from spreading to Westren Europe.
What was the Soviet response to containment?
How did the US respond?
After the US reponded, how did the Soviets respond?
Berlin Blockade
Major Soviet response to containment, preventing supplies from entering the city
U.S. air lift supplied the city.
Stalin pulled back.
What were the two major military alliances formed?
Establishment of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Western military alliance.
Eastern military alliance.
Warsaw Pact
What did the Cold War result in, militarily?
Cold War resulted in U.S.-Soviet arms race.
What act reorganized the U.S. government?
National Security Act
What three government agencies did the National Security Act create, and what did they do?
Department of Defense unifies armed forces.
CIA coordinates intelligence gathering.
National Security Council advises president.
Who were the two competing powers in China, and who were thier leaders?
Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek v. Communist leader Mao
What resulted from the power competition in China, what resulted from this event?
Civil war ended with Communist victory
Who fled after the civil war in China, and where did they flee to?
Chiang, and the other nationalists, retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
What was the Republican’s response to the Chinese Civil War?
Why didn’t Trumen intervene in China?
Republicans blamed Truman administration for “loss of China.”
They feared a bloodbath, and the Trumen doctraine didn’t apply.
Who did the US focus on in East Asia?
U.S. focused an Japan as main ally
What occured to Korea after WWII?
Division of Korea after WW II
Where were the US and Russian troops, and who did they appoint to power?
US in South, Russia in North
Communist North (Kim Il-Sung) - Nationalist South (Syngman Rhee)
What occured, militarly, after the divison of Korea?
Communist attack on South
How did the US respond to the Communist attack?
U.S. led United Nations police action, to push out the Communists
What happened when the US pushed into North Korea, for control?
China entered war
After China entered the war, how did the President would react?
President decided to settle for stalemate, revive old borders
What was the issue between Truman and MacArthur (2)?
How did this conflict end?
MacArthur wanted to launch a full war against China, wanted use of atomic bomb
Truman relieved MacArthur of his command
What did Trumen want to do to the New Deal?
What was this now called?
What would it do?
Truman tried to revive and expand New Deal
The Fair Deal
Fair Deal set agenda for future reforms
What three reforms did Trumen wish to pass?
Health care, education, civil rights
What happened to Trumen’s major reforms?
Major reforms failed in Congress
What two of Trumen’s minor reforms passed?
minimum wage increase, broadening of Social Security passed
What occured in the 1948 election (specifc names)?
Despite challenge from Wallace Progressives and Dixiecrats, Truman defeated Republican Thomas Dewey
What caused the second Red Scare?
Setbacks in foreign policy fueled fear of communism at home
What organization contributed to the Red Scare paranoia?
House Un-American Activities Committee, HUAC, held hearings about spy activity (mostly overexagerated).
What was one of the first major cases of spy accusation (accused old friend)?
Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of espionage
What organization investigated government workers for possible disloyalty?
Loyalty Review Board investigations
What couple was persecuted as possible spies?
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Rosenburg case, executed for giving atomic secrets to Russia
What did McCarthy do to gain political standing?
Concern over vast, unseen conspiracy, exploited Red Scare
What was Mcarthy the leader of?
Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy became leader of communist witch hunts
What resulted from McCarthy’s investigations?
He failed to uncover a single communist
What brought McCarthy’s downfall?
What was the main person’s, who brought this downfall, name, and what did he say?
Army-McCarthy hearings brought his downfall.
Joseph Welch, army offiecr lawyer: “Have you no decency, Sir?”
After the war what was the US standing in the world economy?
U.S. dominated world economy
How was the industrial output statisticly signifigant?
6% of world’s population produced 33% of goods, services
What four things characterized the postwar economy?
Rapid economic growth.
High demand for consumer goods.
High government spending.
Booming export trade.
After the war, what occured demographically?
Massive population shift, to the suburbs
What was a famous suburb, and who designed it?
Developer William Levitt built Levittown, N.Y.
What two things characterized the new suburb?
White middle class dominant in suburbs. Emergence of nuclear family
What changed family life?
Invention of electronic TV.
New mass medium changed family life
What three things did some people critisize about American life?
They attacked materialism, conformity, loss of individualism
Who was the most important critic, what did he write, and what idea did he create?
David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd.
Inner-directed - other-directed (from stong-willed good people to spineless ‘gotta-fit-in’ people”
What was an important group of critics?
What are two important examples, and what did they write?
Beatniks, younger generation critisizing thier parents
Jack Kerouac, On the Road.
Allen Ginsberg, “Howl.”
What were two things Eisenhower was called, what did he leave alone?
Modern republicanism or dynamic conservatism, left New Deal intact
What general thing did Eisenhower wish to do?
Restore calm and tranquility
What four specific things did Eisenhower want to do?
Limited government, fiscal conservatism, no new reform, No legislative initiative
What was the one expection Eisenhower made to his no legislative initiative?
Highway Act of 1956, major domestic piece of legislation, fixed and created the Highways, justified using military justification
What was Sputnik?
What did Sputnik initially cause in the US?
What three things did Sputnik put into place?
Soviets launched first satellite
Panic in United States.
Sputnik led to education reform, missile development, foundation of NASA.
What were the three major phases of the civil rights movement?
Legal Struggle
Nonviolent Protests
Violent Riots
What were the four major Civil Rights Organizations?
NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
CORE, Congress of Racial Equality,
SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
SNCC, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee,
How did the war effect the civil rights movement?
The message of freedom, and rebellion of the colonies, contributed to the restarting of the the civil rights movement.
Who was the lawyer that fought the civil rights cases?
Thurgood Marshall, NAACP lawyer
What case, was local, and fought for the integaration of a college?
Sweatt v. Painter
Integration of UT law school
What was an influential case that ordered intgration?
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954.
“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
What was the Southern Manifesto?
Southern Manifesto opposed integration, southern politions opposed the Brown case, and said they’d fight integration.
What happened to Emmett Till?
In 1955, fourteen year old Emmett Till was brutally murdered near the town of Money, Mississippi.
What two protests occured before MLK’s emergence as a national leader?
Rosa Parks’ arrest, 1955.
Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-1956
What led to the formation of the SNCC?
Student sit-in, Greensboro, NC,
Who led the Southern resistence?
Governors Ross Barnett and George Wallace led Southern resistance
Where were young protesters attaked by the police?
Riots in Birmingham
What marked a high point of the movement?
March on Washington
“March for Jobs and Freedom”
What march was led by MLK, demanding voting rights?
March from Selma to Montgomery
What two acts were important pieces of legislation?
Civil Rights Act
Voting Rights Act
What three things caused the decline of the Civil Rights movement?
Watts Riots in Los Angeles, 1965.
Stokely Carmichael, SNCC leader, 1966, advocated Black Power.
Martin Luther King assassinated
