Unit Four Flashcards
What was special about the 1960 campaign?
The 1960 campaign: Nixon-Kennedy. First televised debates.
How did the 1960 campaign turn out?
Closest election of the century in the popular vote
JFK won
What did Kennedy purpose?
Kennedy proposed New Frontier reforms
What happened to Kennedy’s major bills? His minor bills?
Major bills failed in Congress, minor reforms passed
What ended the Kennedy presidency?
Assassination of JFK
What was crucial in enacting Democratic reforms.
Johnson’s congressional experience was crucial in enacting Democratic reforms.
What were the (5) major reforms that LBJ passed?
Civil rights legislation. War on poverty. Medicare (elderly), Medicaid (poor) Education reform. Tax cut.
What is referred to by the “Johnson Treatment” (2)?
LBJ was an extremely persuasive politician.
During the 1950s, he became the most powerful Senate Majority Leader in history.
How did Kennedy want to do with the Cold War?
Kennedy wanted to win the Cold War
What justified US arms build-up?
Perceived “missile gap,” Soviet lead in ICBMs, was used to justify U.S. military build-up
What was the new policy for containment?
New containment strategy: flexible response (non-atomic).
What major event occurred concerning Berlin?
Berlin crisis
Soviets tried to dismantle West Berlin, because it was a channel that the East citizens were leaving through and exploiting
Soviets built the wall.
What major event occurred concerning Cuba (US initiative)?
Bay of Pigs invasion,
Dropped US trained Cuban exiles to fight the Communist leader, with hope the citizens would join them, when this didn’t happen the exiles were killed
Kennedy’s foreign policy disaster.
What occurred in the Cuban Missile Crisis? Start? US response? Soviet response to US response? US concessions (2)?
U-2 spy planes detected Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, 1962.
Kennedy announced a naval blockade and demanded removal of missiles.
Khrushchev backed down.
United States promised not to invade Cuba, removed Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
What four things resulted from the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Khrushchev and Kennedy adopted more conciliatory tone.
Hot line installed.
Limited test-ban treaty signed.
Escalation of arms race.
What did Japan do to Indochina in WWII?
Japan occupied French colony Indochina beginning in 1940
Who fought the Japanese?
The Viet Minh, a revolutionary group, fought the Japanese.
Who became the Vietnamese leader?
Nationalist Communist Ho Chi Minh was Vietnamese leader.
What did Vietnam do at the end of WWII?
Vietnam declared independence in September 1945.
After Vietnam declared independence what did France do?
France reclaimed colony of Indochina.
What did Viet Minh do after France reclaimed colony?
Viet Minh went to war against France
What was the US’s initial response to the war?
U.S. announced military/economic aid for France
What ended the (first) war?
Defeat for France at Dien Bien Phu, France then surrendered
What was the treaty, and what did it say, concerning Vietnam independence (and the other areas)?
Geneva Accords, 1954: France agreed to withdraw, elections to be held after 2 years in south Vietnam (North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos immediately released).
Who did the US put into power in South Vietnam?
CIA helped install Diem
What was Eisenhower’s approach to South Vietnam?
Eisenhower committed to build South Vietnam into bastion against communism
What occurred elections weren’t held?
Civil war in Vietnam after South refused to hold elections (believing communism would win): Vietcong/NLF (communists in the South with help from the North) fought Diem regime
What was Kennedy’s response to the Vietnam war?
Kennedy increased American aid (no longer just advisors, but also fighting soldiers)
What happened to Diem?
Diem overthrown
In concerning combat what was LBJ’s method?
LBJ continued policies of predecessors
What event sped up the US intervention in Vietnam?
What happened?
What occurred because of this?
Gulf of Tonkin Affair,
US attempt to spy, they were attacked said it to be unprovoked
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: President received power to use “all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks” against U.S. forces.
What operation was an attempt to finish the Vietnam war?
Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965-68. Attempt to defeat enemy through air failed
Who recommended escalation in the war?
What was launched, using what?
Robert McNamara
Intensive war in defense of South Vietnam, U.S. soldiers in Vietnam
What event created the conclusion that the US could not win the war?
Tet Offensive: Communist surprise attacks, 1968.
Military victory for U.S. Political/moral victory for communists (eroded support from within the US)
Why was Nixon elected?
Nixon elected on promise to end the war
What did Nixon originally do in Vietnam?
Secret invasions of Laos and Cambodia
When US support continued to decline for the war, what did Nixon do?
Gradual reduction of U.S. combat troops and increased support for ARVN (southern army)
What two events preceded a peace treaty?
Increased U.S. bombing attacks.
Hard-line peace negotiations in Paris
What caused the US’s complete withdrawal from the war?
Paris Peace Accords, 1973, led to U.S. withdrawal
What ended the war?
Who won?
Fall of Saigon
Communists
What happened to the lessons in Vietnam after the war?
What were the (2) lessons?
They affect things today
Know what you are getting into
Don’t insert yourself into a civil war
What was the main organization for students?
Who was their leader?
SDS, Students for a Democratic Society, 1962.
Leader: Tom Hayden.
What did the students write?
What did they advocate for?
Students wrote Port Huron Statement
Advocated “Participatory Democracy.”
How did the SDS grow?
SDS spread across country and grew a lot
What was another organization that mobilized students (not SDS)?
Who was their most famous member?
FSM, Free Speech Movement mobilized students.
Mario Savio
What did students attack?
Students attacked universities, establishment (said they were connected to the oppressionists)
What were the main issues?
Main issues: racism, poverty, Vietnam War
What happened to Kent State University?
The ugliest example of a anti-war protest, troops, when attempting to keep order, killed some students. Most of the public sided with the troops.
What was a more wide spread notion (affected more than just students)?
Young people rejected authority, challenged adult values
What was an important symbol for the Counterculture?
What was the most famous one?
Rock festivals became cultural happenings.
Woodstock- lots of people came, but it was orderly
Who were the two Counterculture gurus, what did they stand for?
Herbert Marcuse- free love
Timothy Leary- drugs
What is Woodstock nation?
The wish for the US to operate similarly to how the Woodstock concert went.
What was one new radical group for black radicals?
Who were two important members, what did the second one advocate for?
Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X (black power)
What old organization (for Blacks) went radical?
Who was the main member, what did he support?
SNCC
Stokely Carmichael promoted Black Power
What was a self-defense group created to protect African Americans?
Black Panthers
What two things did all Black Radical groups advocate for?
Separatism and Black nationalism
Who was an important Mexican advocate?
What did he organize?
What did this do?
Cesar Chavez
Staged protests and boycotts, organizing the United Farm Workers
Created better conditions and wages for Mexican-American migrant farm workers
What was the New Feminist movement?
Outgrowth of civil rights and other protest movements
Why did feminism reemerge?
They felt second-class in the protest movements, and trapped by mother and wifehood.
Who was an important feminist?
What did she write?
What is a famous quote from her book?
Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique
Home is a “comfortable concentration camp.”