Unit Four Flashcards
1
Q
What was special about the 1960 campaign?
A
The 1960 campaign: Nixon-Kennedy. First televised debates.
2
Q
How did the 1960 campaign turn out?
A
Closest election of the century in the popular vote
JFK won
3
Q
What did Kennedy purpose?
A
Kennedy proposed New Frontier reforms
4
Q
What happened to Kennedy’s major bills? His minor bills?
A
Major bills failed in Congress, minor reforms passed
5
Q
What ended the Kennedy presidency?
A
Assassination of JFK
6
Q
What was crucial in enacting Democratic reforms.
A
Johnson’s congressional experience was crucial in enacting Democratic reforms.
7
Q
What were the (5) major reforms that LBJ passed?
A
Civil rights legislation. War on poverty. Medicare (elderly), Medicaid (poor) Education reform. Tax cut.
8
Q
What is referred to by the “Johnson Treatment” (2)?
A
LBJ was an extremely persuasive politician.
During the 1950s, he became the most powerful Senate Majority Leader in history.
9
Q
How did Kennedy want to do with the Cold War?
A
Kennedy wanted to win the Cold War
10
Q
What justified US arms build-up?
A
Perceived “missile gap,” Soviet lead in ICBMs, was used to justify U.S. military build-up
11
Q
What was the new policy for containment?
A
New containment strategy: flexible response (non-atomic).
12
Q
What major event occurred concerning Berlin?
A
Berlin crisis
Soviets tried to dismantle West Berlin, because it was a channel that the East citizens were leaving through and exploiting
Soviets built the wall.
13
Q
What major event occurred concerning Cuba (US initiative)?
A
Bay of Pigs invasion,
Dropped US trained Cuban exiles to fight the Communist leader, with hope the citizens would join them, when this didn’t happen the exiles were killed
Kennedy’s foreign policy disaster.
14
Q
What occurred in the Cuban Missile Crisis? Start? US response? Soviet response to US response? US concessions (2)?
A
U-2 spy planes detected Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, 1962.
Kennedy announced a naval blockade and demanded removal of missiles.
Khrushchev backed down.
United States promised not to invade Cuba, removed Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
15
Q
What four things resulted from the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A
Khrushchev and Kennedy adopted more conciliatory tone.
Hot line installed.
Limited test-ban treaty signed.
Escalation of arms race.
16
Q
What did Japan do to Indochina in WWII?
A
Japan occupied French colony Indochina beginning in 1940
17
Q
Who fought the Japanese?
A
The Viet Minh, a revolutionary group, fought the Japanese.
18
Q
Who became the Vietnamese leader?
A
Nationalist Communist Ho Chi Minh was Vietnamese leader.
19
Q
What did Vietnam do at the end of WWII?
A
Vietnam declared independence in September 1945.
20
Q
After Vietnam declared independence what did France do?
A
France reclaimed colony of Indochina.
21
Q
What did Viet Minh do after France reclaimed colony?
A
Viet Minh went to war against France
22
Q
What was the US’s initial response to the war?
A
U.S. announced military/economic aid for France
23
Q
What ended the (first) war?
A
Defeat for France at Dien Bien Phu, France then surrendered
24
Q
What was the treaty, and what did it say, concerning Vietnam independence (and the other areas)?
A
Geneva Accords, 1954: France agreed to withdraw, elections to be held after 2 years in south Vietnam (North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos immediately released).
25
Who did the US put into power in South Vietnam?
CIA helped install Diem
26
What was Eisenhower's approach to South Vietnam?
Eisenhower committed to build South Vietnam into bastion against communism
27
What occurred elections weren't held?
Civil war in Vietnam after South refused to hold elections (believing communism would win): Vietcong/NLF (communists in the South with help from the North) fought Diem regime
28
What was Kennedy's response to the Vietnam war?
Kennedy increased American aid (no longer just advisors, but also fighting soldiers)
29
What happened to Diem?
Diem overthrown
30
In concerning combat what was LBJ's method?
LBJ continued policies of predecessors
31
What event sped up the US intervention in Vietnam?
What happened?
What occurred because of this?
Gulf of Tonkin Affair,
US attempt to spy, they were attacked said it to be unprovoked
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: President received power to use “all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks” against U.S. forces.
32
What operation was an attempt to finish the Vietnam war?
Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965-68. Attempt to defeat enemy through air failed
33
Who recommended escalation in the war?
What was launched, using what?
Robert McNamara
Intensive war in defense of South Vietnam, U.S. soldiers in Vietnam
34
What event created the conclusion that the US could not win the war?
Tet Offensive: Communist surprise attacks, 1968.
| Military victory for U.S. Political/moral victory for communists (eroded support from within the US)
35
Why was Nixon elected?
Nixon elected on promise to end the war
36
What did Nixon originally do in Vietnam?
Secret invasions of Laos and Cambodia
37
When US support continued to decline for the war, what did Nixon do?
Gradual reduction of U.S. combat troops and increased support for ARVN (southern army)
38
What two events preceded a peace treaty?
Increased U.S. bombing attacks.
| Hard-line peace negotiations in Paris
39
What caused the US's complete withdrawal from the war?
Paris Peace Accords, 1973, led to U.S. withdrawal
40
What ended the war?
Who won?
Fall of Saigon
Communists
41
What happened to the lessons in Vietnam after the war?
What were the (2) lessons?
They affect things today
Know what you are getting into
Don't insert yourself into a civil war
42
What was the main organization for students?
Who was their leader?
SDS, Students for a Democratic Society, 1962.
Leader: Tom Hayden.
43
What did the students write?
What did they advocate for?
Students wrote Port Huron Statement
Advocated “Participatory Democracy.”
44
How did the SDS grow?
SDS spread across country and grew a lot
45
What was another organization that mobilized students (not SDS)?
Who was their most famous member?
FSM, Free Speech Movement mobilized students.
Mario Savio
46
What did students attack?
Students attacked universities, establishment (said they were connected to the oppressionists)
47
What were the main issues?
Main issues: racism, poverty, Vietnam War
48
What happened to Kent State University?
The ugliest example of a anti-war protest, troops, when attempting to keep order, killed some students. Most of the public sided with the troops.
49
What was a more wide spread notion (affected more than just students)?
Young people rejected authority, challenged adult values
50
What was an important symbol for the Counterculture?
What was the most famous one?
Rock festivals became cultural happenings.
Woodstock- lots of people came, but it was orderly
51
Who were the two Counterculture gurus, what did they stand for?
Herbert Marcuse- free love
| Timothy Leary- drugs
52
What is Woodstock nation?
The wish for the US to operate similarly to how the Woodstock concert went.
53
What was one new radical group for black radicals?
Who were two important members, what did the second one advocate for?
Nation of Islam
Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X (black power)
54
What old organization (for Blacks) went radical?
Who was the main member, what did he support?
SNCC
Stokely Carmichael promoted Black Power
55
What was a self-defense group created to protect African Americans?
Black Panthers
56
What two things did all Black Radical groups advocate for?
Separatism and Black nationalism
57
Who was an important Mexican advocate?
What did he organize?
What did this do?
Cesar Chavez
Staged protests and boycotts, organizing the United Farm Workers
Created better conditions and wages for Mexican-American migrant farm workers
58
What was the New Feminist movement?
Outgrowth of civil rights and other protest movements
59
Why did feminism reemerge?
They felt second-class in the protest movements, and trapped by mother and wifehood.
60
Who was an important feminist?
What did she write?
What is a famous quote from her book?
Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique
Home is a “comfortable concentration camp.”
61
What was a new feminist organization, what did they promote?
NOW, National Organization for Women, 1966, promoted equality in partnership with men
62
What did radical groups that split off of the feminist movement do?
Attacked men, didn't see them as equals, but inferior.
63
What is the "New Left"?
Rejection of traditional liberalism and radicalism (nonpolitical)
64
What did the parts of the New left share (3)?
New Left shared hatred of racism, and the Vietnam war, and contempt for the establishment
65
What did increasing radicalization and violence result in?
Increasing radicalization and violence resulted in a conservative backlash
66
In the 1968 election, what was the state of the Democrats?
Democrats were divided over Vietnam
67
In the 1968 election, who challenged LBJ?
Eugene McCarthy challenged LBJ
68
In the 1968 election, what famous name entered the primaries?
Robert Kennedy entered primaries
69
After the Tet offensive what did LBJ do?
President Johnson withdrew after Tet Offensive
70
In the 1968 election, who replaced LBJ?
VP Hubert Humphrey replaced LBJ
71
In the 1968 election, what happened to RFK?
RFK was assassinated after winning California primary
72
In the 1968 election, who was the democratic candidate?
Hubert Humphrey won Democratic nomination at Chicago convention
73
In the 1968 election, who was the republican candidate?
Richard Nixon was the Republican candidate
74
In the 1968 election, who was the independent candidate?
George Wallace ran as an Independent
75
Who won the 1968 election?
Nixon won a close election
76
What happened at a democratic convention?
Protestors and candidates engaged in violence.
77
Who introduced, what type of approach to the Cold War?
Nixon and Kissinger introduced new, pragmatic approach to Cold War
78
What did Nixon move towards, when concerning the Cold War?
What was this called?
Move toward normalization of relations with Soviet Union and China.
Détente: relaxation of tensions
79
What policy limited nuclear weapons?
What policy reduced nuclear weapons?
SALT- Strategic Arms Limitation talks
START
80
In the 1972 election, who was the democratic candidate, how did he seem?
Democratic challenger George McGovern seemed too extreme
81
What was the ending of the 1972 election?
Nixon won in landslide
82
What did the 1972 election confirm?
Confirmation of conservative backlash and voter realignment
83
What caused Watergate?
Nixon was paranoid and developed a siege mentality
84
What committee was put in place by Nixon?
CREEP, Committee to Reelect the President
85
Who was close to Nixon, as advisors (4)?
John Mitchell, John Ehrlichman, H.R. Haldeman, John Dean
86
What unit did Nixon's dirty work?
What two people were apart of it?
What did they do?
Plumbers unit
Howard Hunt and Gordon Liddy
Break-ins and phone tapping, so Nixon could get information on others
87
What exposed the Watergate scandal?
Break-in at Democratic headquarters in Watergate complex
88
What did Nixon order concerning the Watergate scandal?
Nixon ordered cover-up
89
What exposed Nixon's lies?
White House tapes exposed Nixon’s lies
90
What two thing followed the exposure of Nixon's lies?
Impeachment procedures in Congress.
| Nixon resigned
91
What two main factors caused a loss of confidence in US politics?
Vietnam and Watergate
92
What three main factors caused a loss of confidence in the US economy?
Declining U.S. dominance in world economy.
Stagflation with nagging unemployment
Declining manufacturing sector
93
What foreign event caused a problem in the US economy?
US support of Israel in a Arab-Israeli war.
Arab oil embargo
Rising oil prices
94
What environmental occurrence caused a lack of confidence in the US?
Impending exhaustion of economic resources
95
What did all the negative factors in the US lead to?
Pessimistic view of capitalism and western culture
96
Who was appointed as president after Nixon resigned?
How did he come to be president?
What was special about this?
Gerald Ford, former Congressman from Michigan
Selected to become Vice President after Spiro Agnew resigned, Ford succeeded Nixon.
Only president who wasn't elected to either VP or President.
97
What two major mistakes did Nixon make?
Pardoned Richard Nixon.
| Ineffective dealing with Congress and economic issues
98
In the 1976 election what characterized the voters?
Voter disillusionment with politicians
99
In the 1976 election who was the democratic candidate?
Outsider Jimmy Carter won democratic nomination
100
In the 1976 election who was the republican candidate?
Ford prevailed against Reagan in Republican primaries
101
Who won the 1976 election?
Carter won a very close election
102
What two general characteristics caused the disillusionment with Carter?
Lack of direction, no coherent policies
103
What speech contributed to the disillusionment with Carter?
National malaise speech: “a crisis of confidence.”
| He didn't get his point across.
104
What two things in the Middle East contributed to the disillusionment with Carter
Improving economy suffered second oil shock,
(Middle Eastern crisis reduced production)
Iranian hostage crisis underlined American weakness
105
What was Carter’s Foreign Policy with Latin America?
Panama Canal Treaty
| Panama received the canal zone, US kept canal
106
What was Carter’s Foreign Policy with the Middle East?
Camp David Accords, 1979.
| Separate peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, reduced war
107
What was Carter’s Foreign Policy with the USSR?
Return of Cold War.
Emphasis on human rights- ruffled USSR feathers
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan- US supported non-communists
108
What about Reagan appealed to Americans?
Reagan’s optimism and affability appealed to Americans
109
What characterized the US at the time of Reagan?
Dissatisfaction with state of the country
110
What emphasized state's rights?
White backlash emphasized states’ rights
111
What two groups rallied behind Reagan?
Who specifically led the second one, and what did they rally behind?
Religious fundamentalism, Moral Majority expanded conservative base
Jerry Falwell led Moral Majority rallied behind things like anti-gay, anti-abortion, family values
112
How did Reagan's election go?
Reagan swept into White House, won by a land slide
113
What was Reagan's economic principles called (2)?
What was Reagan's view of the economy?
What did he do?
What was one of his ideas that he broke?
Reaganomics/Supply Side Economics
"Government not solution, but problem.”
Cut taxes and regulation, cut spending, create boom.
Increase military spending.
114
How did Reagan's policies effect the economy (2 immediate, 2 long-term)?
Deep recession 1981/1982.
Economic recovery, 1983/1984.
Rising budget deficit,
Growing inequality in income distribution.
115
At first what was Reagan's attitude with the Soviet Union?
What was the USSR called?
What idea was funded in defense against the USSR?
Growing tension with Soviet Union.
“Evil Empire”
“Star Wars.”- put missiles in space as a defensive measure
116
How did Reagan's relationship with the uSSR change?
What brought about this change?
Improved relations with Soviets in second term.
Growing friendship with Soviet premier Gorbachev
117
What did the US do in the Iran-Contra Affair with Iran?
What did the US do in the Iran-Contra Affair with Contras?
What was the second event a violation of?
How was this resolved? (4 people mentioned in two groups)?
Arms for hostages deals with Iran.
Profits from arms sales went to Contras in Nicaragua (to fight against the Nicaraguan government they feared would become communist).
Violation of Boland Amendments.
Reagan/Bush pleaded ignorance.
Oliver North and John Poindexter took the blame.
118
What political changes did Reagan leave (2)?
End of the Cold War.
| Conservative judicial appointments.
119
What economic changes did Reagan leave (3)?
Economic recovery.
Deficits and national debt.
Tax reform and deregulation.
120
What social change did Reagan leave?
Strong conservative movement.
121
What does the ERA stand for?
What was their wish?
What happened?
Equal Rights Amendment
To have "all men AND WOMEN" added to the constitution
Almost ratified but not quite
122
In the 1988 election who defeated whom?
George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis
123
In 1988, what increased the deficit?
Collapsing Savings and Loan Industry bailed out by government
124
In 1988, what characterized the economy (2)?
Economic recession and increasing deficit
125
In 1988, what (2) things were a deficit reduction attempt?
Deficit reduction attempts by raising taxes and cutting military spending
126
What was the state of Communism in China?
Tiananmen Square freedom demonstrations ended in violence.
127
What was the state of Communism in Eastern Europe?
Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe in fall of 1989.
128
What was the state of Communism in Germany?
Berlin Wall torn down and Germany reunified.
129
What was the state of Communism in the Soviet Union?
Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.
130
What was Bush's response to Communism?
Cautious, but encouraging response by Bush, promoting New World Order
131
What caused US intervention in the Gulf?
U.S. intervened when Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990.
132
What operation was launched in the Gulf?
| How did it fair?
Operation Desert Storm successful in short-term, but failure to remove Saddam Hussein led to future problems.
133
What did Bush identify the Gulf War as?
Bush identified Gulf War as step toward a world based on democracy and global free trade
134
What created a negative image for Bush?
Bush had accomplishments in foreign affairs, but recession and deficit exposed weaknesses.
135
In the 1992 election, who ran against Bush? What was their campaign promise?
(Democrat?)
(Independent?)
Clinton, a charismatic campaigner, promised to revitalize economy.
Independent Ross Perot ran on plan to cut the deficit, and opposed NAFTA
136
Who won the 1992 election?
Clinton won clear majority in electoral college.
137
What did Clinton do for the deficit (2)?
Tax increases and budget cuts reduced the deficit.
138
What trade organization was established?
North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, split Democrats, but passed Congress.
Created no tariffs between Canada- US- Mexico
139
What (2) things eroded support for Democrats?
Failed health reform and “scandals” eroded support for Democrats.
140
What helped Republicans (what guy specifically)?
Newt Gingrich ran on idea of a Contract with America (promise to US people to push conservativeness) and won Republicans both houses of Congress in 1994
141
What happened to Republicans before the 1996 election?
| What did Clinton do (2)?
Republicans claimed mandate to complete Reagan Revolution, but overreached.
Clinton rebuilt his popularity by signing welfare reform (some of the Republican's ideas) and opposing radical Republicans.
142
What contributed to the turn out of the 1996 election (2)
Government shutdown and harsh GOP rhetoric helped Clinton win easy reelection in 1996
143
What three things characterized Clinton's approach to the world?
Clinton emphasized human rights, settling long-standing conflicts, and focused on economics.
144
What did Clinton do in the Middle East?
Oslo agreement brought temporary peace between Israel and Palestine.
145
What happened in Europe that affected the world?
What ended up happening, and why?
Break-up of Yugoslavia created most complex foreign policy crisis.
NATO bombing in Bosnia stopped “ethnic cleansing” (killing or removing an ethnic group) and Dayton Peace Accord divided Bosnia
146
Where did most people live by the 1990s?
By the 1990, majority of population lived in South and West.
147
What stimulated Immigration (from what two places especially)?
What started to become the largest minority group?
What was this new diversity called?
Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 stimulated immigration, especially from Latin America and Asia.
Latinos poised to become largest minority group.
America’s new diversity: “multiculturalism.”
148
What two things expanded the Black middle class?
What two things were still unfortunate about Black life?
What happened because of urban frustration?
Gains in business and education expanded Black middle class.
Disproportionately large number of African Americans in poverty; extremely high rate of imprisonment.
Continuing frustration of urban African Americans exploded in Los Angeles riots (Rodney King riots).
149
What damaged Clinton's reputation?
| What was one specific event that turned out to be a bad deal?
Charges of misconduct bedeviled Clinton from the day he took office.
Special prosecutor was appointed to investigate Whitewater
150
What eventually got Clinton impeached?
How did American's view it?
What did the Senate do?
Clinton denied affair with Monica Lewinsky before public and grand jury.
Americans viewed episode as private matter, but Republicans proceeded with impeachment.
Clinton acquitted of charges in Senate
151
In the 2000 election who were the candidates and what did they:
Republican, want (2)
Democrat, want (2)
Independent (specific name), do
Republican George W. Bush called for limited government and reliance on markets.
Democrat Al Gore called for expanded federal role in education and health care.
Green Party candidate Ralph Nader pushed Gore to left
152
How did the 2000 election end (2)?
Extremely close election depended on disputed Florida vote.
Supreme Court ruled for Bush to end recount.
