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Biological Psychology > Unit Two > Flashcards

Unit Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

The dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater

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2
Q

What function do the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid serve?

A

To stabilize, cushion, and protect the brain

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3
Q

Dura mater

A

One of the meninges, the “hard mother”
-a thick layer of cushion on the outside layer, between the arachnoid and the skull

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4
Q

Arachnoid

A

One of the meninges, a spongey matter full of cerebrospinal fluid
-between the pia mater and dura mater

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5
Q

Pia mater

A

One of the meninges, the “soft mother”
-a thin casing stuck directly to the outside of the cortex tissue, and on the arachnoid

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6
Q

Circle of Willis

A

A circular shaped collection of blood vessels that distribute blood to the brain
-incredible system, since if one branch coming off of the circle is damaged, the blood can continue going around and travel somewhere else
-helps prevent strokes

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7
Q

Blood-Brain-Barier

A

Capillaries in the brain that have glia in between the vessel cells, creating tight junctions in between the cells
-this stops infections from being able to get into the brain

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8
Q

Gyri

A

The ridges of the folds in the brain

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9
Q

Sulci

A

The grooves of the folds in the brain

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10
Q

Why do we have gyri and sulci?

A

To increase the surface area of our brains

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11
Q

The frontal lobe

A

Associated with planning, speech, movement, emotions, problem solving
-motor cortex: planning and executing movement

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12
Q

The parietal lobe

A

Associated with touch, pain, pressure, temperature, spacial orientation,
-sensory cortex: perceptions of pain and touch

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13
Q

The temporal lobe

A

Associated with speech perception, hearing, memory, emotion
-the limbic cortex (panic button)

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14
Q

The occipital lobe

A

Associated with processing input from the eyes

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15
Q

The cerebellum

A

Motor skills, coordination, movement, balance, posture, muscle memory
-“little brain”

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16
Q

The brain stem

A

Controls involuntary functions
-breathing, heart beat, digestion, blood pressure
-contains medulla and pons

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17
Q

The spinal cord

A

Connects body to brain

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18
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A

Medial: middle
Lateral: Side

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19
Q

Anterior/Rostral vs Posterior/Caudal

A

Anterior/Rostral: front/nose
Posterior/Caudal: back/tail

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20
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral

A

Dorsal: top
Ventral: bottom

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21
Q

Ventricular system

A

Ventricles are cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-produces and distributes csf

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22
Q

What are some issues that can happen related to the ventricular system?

A
  1. Hydrocephalus: when there is too much csf. and the ventricles expand and push on the brain
  2. Schizophrenia is correlated to large ventricles
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23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres
-allows for communication between the two sides, higher creativity, better problem solving, faster information processing

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus
-thalamus: gateway for sensory info that sorts it to its proper destination
-hypothalamus: connected to the hormonal systems (pituitary gland)

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25
Pituitary gland
Master hormone gland connected to the hypothalamus -hypothalamus signals the gland to secrete certain hormones
26
The medulla
Associated with automatic processes (breathing, heart beat, vomiting, etc.) -in the brainstem
27
The pons
Sensory info pathway between higher and lower brain -in the brainstem
28
The limbic system
Associated with emotional responses and regulation -contains the hippocampus, amygdala cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and insula -in the temporal lobe
29
The hippocampus
Associated with learning, emotions and memory -in the limbic cortex in the temporal lobe -can be associated with depression
30
The amygdala
Associated with fear responses, emotions, and fight or flight -in the limbic cortex in the temporal lobe -can be associated for depression, ptsd, and anxiety
31
The basal ganglia (system)
Includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens -movement, reinforcement, and learning
32
Caudate nucleus and putamen
Voluntary movement and learning, -parkinson's disease -in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe
33
Globus pallidus
Voluntary and involuntary movement, refines, controls, and smooths the movement -huntington's disease -in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe
34
The reward circuit
Ventral tegment area releases dopamine in response to certain stimuli
34
Nucleus accumbens
Reward, addiction, reinforcement, motor learning, placebo effects -in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe
35
The connectome
A brain mapping technique that can trace axons and dendrites -shows connections and communication between brain regions during different activities
36
Human connectome mapping
Uses diffusion tensor imaging (dfi) that shows the movement of water along axons -is helpful for learning about some mental health conditions (alzheimers, psychosis, and emotional dysregulation) -can show how fast antidepressants work
37
Other brain mapping techniques
1. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) 2. Positron emission tomography (pet scan) 3. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) 4. Electroencephalogram (eeg)
38
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
High resolution for clearer anatomical detail using radio waves and a strong magnet
39
Positron emission tomography (pet scan)
Tracks glucose as it travels to whatever area the brain is using energy using a radioactive tracer put into the glucose -glucose (energy) goes to the places that are using the most energy
40
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)
Shows the blood flow to areas using more oxygen using the same process as an mri
41
Neural plate
Day 18 of development
42
Neural tube
Day 22 of development -formed from the neural tube folding in -this develops into the anterior part of the brain
43
Six stages of neurodevelopment
1. Neurogenesis and proliferation 2. Migration 3. Differentiation 4. Synaptogenesis 5. Cell death/pruning 6. Synaptic rearrangement
44
Neurogenesis and proliferation
The making of neurons -occurs in the ventricular zone -cell to cell interactions and chemicals can influence the type of neuron one turns out to be -the FIRST stage of neurodevelopment
45
Migration
Neurons moving where they need to be -radial glia act like train tracks to move the cells -cellular adhesion molecules act as seatbelts -the SECOND stage of neurodevelopment
46
Differentiation
Cells turning into the right kind of neuron for where they are at -the cells are molded to look and function differently -cell-autonomous means: when the cell decides what it wants to be -induction: when other cells influence what a cell becomes -the THIRD stage of neurodevelopment
47
Synaptogenesis
When the new neurons form synapses with other cells -the dendrites find other dendrites using growth cones to direct them -other dendrites can either accept or reject the connection -the FOURTH stage of neurodevelopment
48
Cell death/pruning (apoptosis)
We grow too many cells, so this is when the brain gets rid of the extras that are unneeded -too many cells are inefficient and take too many resources -compete for growth factors in a survival of the fittest way the FIFTH stage of neurodevelopment
49
Synaptic rearrangement
The brain reorganizes the synapses in order to be most efficient and effective -this strengthens the synapses -the SIXTH/LAST stage of neurodevelopment
50
What happens if the neural tube is not closed correctly?
1. Anencephaly: when the anterior (top) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed 2. Spina bifida: when the posterior (bottom) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed
51
Anencephaly
When the anterior (top) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed -this leads to severe developmental issues or death
52
Spina bifida
When the posterior (bottom) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed -this makes a gap in the bottom of the spine -leads to underdevelopment of motor skills
53
Ventricular zone
Becomes the ventricular system and produces cerebrospinal fluid
54
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death due to caspases
55
Cortical thinning
Thinning of the cortex due to age -starts in childhood with connections between broka's area and wernick's area
56
Common behaviors seen in autism, fragile x syndrome, rett syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and adhd
1. Social, language, and processing delays 2. They have genetic influences 3. Can affect the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex -can also affect dopamine and the basal ganglia with motor delays 4. Excitation and inhibition of neurons is affected
57
Autism spectrum disorder
Associated with social behavior delays, stimming, and overstimulation -can be uncomfortable with physical touch, but enjoy the feeling of stability from inanimate objects to calm her nervous system (ex. rolling to stimulate pressure on all sides like a hug)
58
Fragile x syndrome
Associated with gross motor delays (walking, standing, etc.), overstimulation, anxiety, and emotional outbursts -more common in boys
59
Rett syndrome
Associated with language delays and wringing hands, more common in girls, as boys don't often survive infancy -may be nonverbal -lots of hand motions
60
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Associated with hyperactivity, sensory processing system issues, distinct facial features -behavior problems
61
How does autism involve changes at the synapse?
Changes to dendrites decrease the amount of dendrites that get pruned, therefore increasing dendrite numbers -this creates less excitatory dendrites
62
How does fragile x syndrome involve changes at the synapse?
A deficit in pruning leads to more dendrites and less excitatory dendrites -this leads to hyperconnectivity
63
How does rett syndrome involve changes at the synapse?
Rett syndrome creates smaller dendrites, less excitatory dendrites, and less dopamine in the basal ganglia
64
How does fetal alcohol syndrome involve changes at the synapse?
Abnormal radial migration and glutamate changes
65
How does adhd involve changes at the synapse?
Cell adhesion molecules, hippocampus, imbalance in inhibitory(GABA) and excitatory(glutamate) responses
66
Broca's aphasia
A language disorder where a person's speech is slow, expressive, and has difficulty pronouncing their words -the meaning of the words is correct
67
Wernicke's aphasia
A language disorder where a person's speech is fluent and fluid, but they have difficulty making sense themselves and understanding others -often unaware of their speech deficits
68
30 million word gap
Growing up in lower socioeconomic classes often results in being exposed to much fewer words
69
Broca's area
In the left frontal lobe -associated with speech production, fluidity, and processing
70
Wernicke's area
In the left temporal lobe -associated with speech comprehension and word meanings
71
Lateralization
When the regions are not mirrored on both sides (both hemispheres)

Biological Psychology (4 decks)

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