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Biological Psychology > Unit Two > Flashcards

Unit Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

The dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater

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2
Q

What function do the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid serve?

A

To stabilize, cushion, and protect the brain

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3
Q

Dura mater

A

One of the meninges, the “hard mother”
-a thick layer of cushion on the outside layer, between the arachnoid and the skull

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4
Q

Arachnoid

A

One of the meninges, a spongey matter full of cerebrospinal fluid
-between the pia mater and dura mater

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5
Q

Pia mater

A

One of the meninges, the “soft mother”
-a thin casing stuck directly to the outside of the cortex tissue, and on the arachnoid

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6
Q

Circle of Willis

A

A circular shaped collection of blood vessels that distribute blood to the brain
-incredible system, since if one branch coming off of the circle is damaged, the blood can continue going around and travel somewhere else
-helps prevent strokes

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7
Q

Blood-Brain-Barier

A

Capillaries in the brain that have glia in between the vessel cells, creating tight junctions in between the cells
-this stops infections from being able to get into the brain

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8
Q

Gyri

A

The ridges of the folds in the brain

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9
Q

Sulci

A

The grooves of the folds in the brain

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10
Q

Why do we have gyri and sulci?

A

To increase the surface area of our brains

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11
Q

The frontal lobe

A

Associated with planning, speech, movement, emotions, problem solving
-motor cortex: planning and executing movement

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12
Q

The parietal lobe

A

Associated with touch, pain, pressure, temperature, spacial orientation,
-sensory cortex: perceptions of pain and touch

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13
Q

The temporal lobe

A

Associated with speech perception, hearing, memory, emotion
-the limbic cortex (panic button)

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14
Q

The occipital lobe

A

Associated with processing input from the eyes

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15
Q

The cerebellum

A

Motor skills, coordination, movement, balance, posture, muscle memory
-“little brain”

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16
Q

The brain stem

A

Controls involuntary functions
-breathing, heart beat, digestion, blood pressure
-contains medulla and pons

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17
Q

The spinal cord

A

Connects body to brain

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18
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A

Medial: middle
Lateral: Side

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19
Q

Anterior/Rostral vs Posterior/Caudal

A

Anterior/Rostral: front/nose
Posterior/Caudal: back/tail

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20
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral

A

Dorsal: top
Ventral: bottom

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21
Q

Ventricular system

A

Ventricles are cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-produces and distributes csf

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22
Q

What are some issues that can happen related to the ventricular system?

A
  1. Hydrocephalus: when there is too much csf. and the ventricles expand and push on the brain
  2. Schizophrenia is correlated to large ventricles
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23
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres
-allows for communication between the two sides, higher creativity, better problem solving, faster information processing

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus
-thalamus: gateway for sensory info that sorts it to its proper destination
-hypothalamus: connected to the hormonal systems (pituitary gland)

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25
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master hormone gland connected to the hypothalamus
-hypothalamus signals the gland to secrete certain hormones

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26
Q

The medulla

A

Associated with automatic processes (breathing, heart beat, vomiting, etc.)
-in the brainstem

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27
Q

The pons

A

Sensory info pathway between higher and lower brain
-in the brainstem

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28
Q

The limbic system

A

Associated with emotional responses and regulation
-contains the hippocampus, amygdala cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and insula
-in the temporal lobe

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29
Q

The hippocampus

A

Associated with learning, emotions and memory
-in the limbic cortex in the temporal lobe
-can be associated with depression

30
Q

The amygdala

A

Associated with fear responses, emotions, and fight or flight
-in the limbic cortex in the temporal lobe
-can be associated for depression, ptsd, and anxiety

31
Q

The basal ganglia (system)

A

Includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens
-movement, reinforcement, and learning

32
Q

Caudate nucleus and putamen

A

Voluntary movement and learning,
-parkinson’s disease
-in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe

33
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Voluntary and involuntary movement, refines, controls, and smooths the movement
-huntington’s disease
-in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe

34
Q

The reward circuit

A

Ventral tegment area releases dopamine in response to certain stimuli

34
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Reward, addiction, reinforcement, motor learning, placebo effects
-in the basal ganglia system, in the limbic system, in the temporal lobe

35
Q

The connectome

A

A brain mapping technique that can trace axons and dendrites
-shows connections and communication between brain regions during different activities

36
Q

Human connectome mapping

A

Uses diffusion tensor imaging (dfi) that shows the movement of water along axons
-is helpful for learning about some mental health conditions (alzheimers, psychosis, and emotional dysregulation)
-can show how fast antidepressants work

37
Q

Other brain mapping techniques

A
  1. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
  2. Positron emission tomography (pet scan)
  3. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)
  4. Electroencephalogram (eeg)
38
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (mri)

A

High resolution for clearer anatomical detail using radio waves and a strong magnet

39
Q

Positron emission tomography (pet scan)

A

Tracks glucose as it travels to whatever area the brain is using energy using a radioactive tracer put into the glucose
-glucose (energy) goes to the places that are using the most energy

40
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri)

A

Shows the blood flow to areas using more oxygen using the same process as an mri

41
Q

Neural plate

A

Day 18 of development

42
Q

Neural tube

A

Day 22 of development
-formed from the neural tube folding in
-this develops into the anterior part of the brain

43
Q

Six stages of neurodevelopment

A
  1. Neurogenesis and proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Synaptogenesis
  5. Cell death/pruning
  6. Synaptic rearrangement
44
Q

Neurogenesis and proliferation

A

The making of neurons
-occurs in the ventricular zone
-cell to cell interactions and chemicals can influence the type of neuron one turns out to be
-the FIRST stage of neurodevelopment

45
Q

Migration

A

Neurons moving where they need to be
-radial glia act like train tracks to move the cells
-cellular adhesion molecules act as seatbelts
-the SECOND stage of neurodevelopment

46
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells turning into the right kind of neuron for where they are at
-the cells are molded to look and function differently
-cell-autonomous means: when the cell decides what it wants to be
-induction: when other cells influence what a cell becomes
-the THIRD stage of neurodevelopment

47
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

When the new neurons form synapses with other cells
-the dendrites find other dendrites using growth cones to direct them
-other dendrites can either accept or reject the connection
-the FOURTH stage of neurodevelopment

48
Q

Cell death/pruning (apoptosis)

A

We grow too many cells, so this is when the brain gets rid of the extras that are unneeded
-too many cells are inefficient and take too many resources
-compete for growth factors in a survival of the fittest way
the FIFTH stage of neurodevelopment

49
Q

Synaptic rearrangement

A

The brain reorganizes the synapses in order to be most efficient and effective
-this strengthens the synapses
-the SIXTH/LAST stage of neurodevelopment

50
Q

What happens if the neural tube is not closed correctly?

A
  1. Anencephaly: when the anterior (top) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed
  2. Spina bifida: when the posterior (bottom) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed
51
Q

Anencephaly

A

When the anterior (top) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed
-this leads to severe developmental issues or death

52
Q

Spina bifida

A

When the posterior (bottom) portion of the neural tube is not fully closed
-this makes a gap in the bottom of the spine
-leads to underdevelopment of motor skills

53
Q

Ventricular zone

A

Becomes the ventricular system and produces cerebrospinal fluid

54
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death due to caspases

55
Q

Cortical thinning

A

Thinning of the cortex due to age
-starts in childhood with connections between broka’s area and wernick’s area

56
Q

Common behaviors seen in autism, fragile x syndrome, rett syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and adhd

A
  1. Social, language, and processing delays
  2. They have genetic influences
  3. Can affect the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
    -can also affect dopamine and the basal ganglia with motor delays
  4. Excitation and inhibition of neurons is affected
57
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

Associated with social behavior delays, stimming, and overstimulation
-can be uncomfortable with physical touch, but enjoy the feeling of stability from inanimate objects to calm her nervous system (ex. rolling to stimulate pressure on all sides like a hug)

58
Q

Fragile x syndrome

A

Associated with gross motor delays (walking, standing, etc.), overstimulation, anxiety, and emotional outbursts
-more common in boys

59
Q

Rett syndrome

A

Associated with language delays and wringing hands, more common in girls, as boys don’t often survive infancy
-may be nonverbal
-lots of hand motions

60
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Associated with hyperactivity, sensory processing system issues, distinct facial features
-behavior problems

61
Q

How does autism involve changes at the synapse?

A

Changes to dendrites decrease the amount of dendrites that get pruned, therefore increasing dendrite numbers
-this creates less excitatory dendrites

62
Q

How does fragile x syndrome involve changes at the synapse?

A

A deficit in pruning leads to more dendrites and less excitatory dendrites
-this leads to hyperconnectivity

63
Q

How does rett syndrome involve changes at the synapse?

A

Rett syndrome creates smaller dendrites, less excitatory dendrites, and less dopamine in the basal ganglia

64
Q

How does fetal alcohol syndrome involve changes at the synapse?

A

Abnormal radial migration and glutamate changes

65
Q

How does adhd involve changes at the synapse?

A

Cell adhesion molecules, hippocampus, imbalance in inhibitory(GABA) and excitatory(glutamate) responses

66
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

A language disorder where a person’s speech is slow, expressive, and has difficulty pronouncing their words
-the meaning of the words is correct

67
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

A language disorder where a person’s speech is fluent and fluid, but they have difficulty making sense themselves and understanding others
-often unaware of their speech deficits

68
Q

30 million word gap

A

Growing up in lower socioeconomic classes often results in being exposed to much fewer words

69
Q

Broca’s area

A

In the left frontal lobe
-associated with speech production, fluidity, and processing

70
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In the left temporal lobe
-associated with speech comprehension and word meanings

71
Q

Lateralization

A

When the regions are not mirrored on both sides (both hemispheres)

Biological Psychology (3 decks)

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