Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biological Psychology > Unit Four > Flashcards

Unit Four Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

memory is a critical part of learning and mood
-hippocampus
-for mood, rumination on sad memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

memory

A

different areas of the brain contribute to different forms of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

declarative memory

A

explicit memory
-hippocampus
-includes semantic and episodic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

episodic memory

A

remembering events
-a kind of declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

semantic memory

A

remembering facts
-a kind of declarative memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

implicit memory
-includes procedural memory, classical conditioning (skeletal muscular, emotional response), and priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

procedural memory

A

remembering skills and habits
-basal ganglia
- a kind of implicit memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

classical conditioning

A

two kinds
1. skeletal muscular (muscle memory or somatic response)
-cerebellum
2. emotional responses to learned fears
-amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

priming

A

associations
-neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

unable to form new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

adult neurogenesis

A

the creation of new cells
-the hippocampus and a few other brain regions
-helps to distinguish between patterns of similar but different information (pattern separation)
-can be associated with forgetfullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

patient h.m.

A

henry molaison had temporal lobe seizures, and as a result, doctors removed his hippocampus.
-retained old memories, but could not form new ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mirrored star tracing

A

helps prove that indirect memories can be retained in other way than through the hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dentate gyrus

A

the “gate keeper” of the hippocampus
-the stimuli must be strong enough to be let through
-action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is chunking homework so effective?

A

so it doesn’t overload the dentate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hebb’s postulate

A

neurons that fire together wire together
-the more a presynaptic neuron fires to the same postsynaptic neuron, the synapse between them is strengthened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is adult neurogenesis associated with forgetting?

A

it disrupts established hippocampus dependent memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

preforant path

A

synapses with the dentate gyrus
-connects cortex with the dentate gyrus and hippocampus
-long term potentiation (bliss and lomo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

long term potentiation

A

when the preforant path was stimulated, it created a response in the dentate gyrus for up to 4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glutamate receptors

A

more sodium and calcium signals the glutamate receptors
-ampa is the default receptor (na+)
-nmda in the extra overflow receptor (na+ and ca2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what might the future look like for memory?

A

-memory implants
-ptsd medication
-neurogenesis booster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

behavioral differences between prairie and meadow voles

A

prairie voles mate for life and are very loyal, while meadow voles do not and instead have many different partners
-differences in oxytocin levels cause differences in social behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

oxytocin pathways

A

hypothalamus to the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala
-social information flows through the amygdala to the nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

social information

A

flows through the amygdala to the nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
salience
ability for something to stand out
26
partner preference
preferring your previous mate over a stranger
27
pair bonding
continuously preferring the same mate over others
28
oxytocin
bonding hormone that impacts social behavior -creates a reward in our brains when we bond socially -helps that one special person stad out in our brains (salience)
29
intranasal oxytocin
available to buy
30
other roles of oxytocin
-homeostasis and balance -redundancies and adaptations
31
the reward pathway
1. the ventral tegmental area 2. nucleus accumbens 3. prefrontal cortex 4. all associated with dopamine
32
the ventral tegmental area
releases dopamine -in the midbrain (brainstem?) -reward circuit
33
nucleus accumbens
associates tasks with rewarding feelings -base of the frontal lobe in the midbrain -reward circuit
34
prefrontal cortex
impairs critical thinking -front of the frontal lobe -reward circuit
35
how does cocaine affect the brain
blocks dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters which recycle extra neurotransmitters, meaning there is an excess amount of these -inhibits reuptake
36
neurotransmitter transporters
recycle extra neurotransmitters back into the neuron to be used next time it is needed
37
two ways to study addiction in a lab
1. microdialysis 2. self-administration chambers
38
microdialysis
when neurotransmitter levels are measured after taking a substance to see how addictive it is -measures are taken between synapses -the vials we used in the in class lab
39
self-administration chambers
when rats are given a lever to press in order to give them an addictive substance -they can press it as much as they like -the more they press it, the more addicted they are
40
what is addiction?
"a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences"
41
what is stress?
any circumstance that upsets our body's natural internal balance or homeostasis -extreme heat or cold -threatening psychological states
42
what is the stress neuropathway called?
the hpa axis
43
hpa axis
1. Hypothalamus -added stress activates 2.anterior Pituitary 3. Adrenal cortex -added cortisol activates
44
hypothalamus as a stress responder
releases crh
45
anterior pituitary as a stress responder
recieves crh and then releases acth into the bloodstream to be circulated through the body
46
adrenal cortex as a stress responder
receives the acth (in the kidneys) and signals the release of cortisol
47
somatic responses to stress
-increased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature -faster breathing -inhibits digestion, bladder contraction and ovulation -releases glucose -dilates pupils
48
fight or flight response
hpa axis and sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate response in the body
49
how does the stress response stop?
a negative feedback loop -increasing levels of cortisol signal the hypothalamus to stop producing cortisol -signals crh and acth to stop being released
50
what happens when stress responses don't stop?
negative impact on mental and physical health
51
parasympathetic system
rest and digest -flips every system that the sympathetic system impacted -acetylcholine is released to help functions return to normal
52
the benefits of stress
-provides motivation -ability to get up and go -cortisol boosts allow us to wake up in
53
the negative side of stress
-depression -lack of sleep -physical health problems
54
healthy coping mechanisms for stress
-slow breaths -relaxing muscles
55
circadian rhthym
internal clock system -cortisol spikes in the morning and dips at night, helping our internal clock know when to be alert and when to slow down and prepare for rest
56
dr. sapolsky's video on stress
stress is an evolutionary protection method, but can be counterproductive when we as humans get stuck in a state of stress over non-life-threatening issues
57
depression
categorized by a depressed mood or anhedonia for a two week period -major depressive disorder -genetic and environmental risks
58
neurotransmitters involved with depression
serotonin -appetite and mood dopamine -motivation and anhedonia norepinephrine -altertness and sleepiness
59
neuroanatomy involved with depression
amygdala -emotional regulation hippocampus -rumination on sad or upsetting things
60
cortisol and depression
heightened all the time -peaks in the morning still but does not reach normal low levels at night -disrupts sleep cycles: causes early onset rem and decreased slow wave sleep; impacts fatigue, memory, mood
61
ptsd
caused by exposure to a trauma -avoidance -changes in thought, mood, and arousal -dissociations
62
brain regions related to ptsd
hippocampus -remembering trauma amygdala -fear responses anterior cingulate cortex -social emotional pain
63
ptsd and cortisol
huge increase after the initial trauma for a long time -overtime it decreases, and the overall baseline decreases as well -cortisol diurnal rhythms
64
epigenetics
how genes can change how they are expressed due to behavioral and environmental factors
65
histone protein
positively charged proteins that bind to dna
66
methylation
wrapping dna around the histone protein tightly -makes it harder for the dna to work properly
67
acetylation
wrapping the dna loosely -able to work better
68
glucocorticoid receptor (gr)
receptors for cortisol -promotes stress and and emotion regulation -prominent in the hippocampus (stress can decrease memory capacity)
69
what did researchers observe in rats with inattentive mothers (minimal licking and grooming)
lower levels of gr and an increased stress response, emotional dysregulation, increased methyl groups
70
generational epigenetics example
rats passing a fear response to the smell of cats down to their children -can serve as protection -can also hinder when the protection is not needed and cause unnecessary stress -decreased methylation of olfactory genes provide heightened sense of smell

Biological Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions