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unit two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of transport system do humans have

A

double closed circular system

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2
Q

what is a closed circulation system

A

where blood is passed through vessels and is pumped by a heart

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3
Q

what is an open circulation system

A

‘blood’ bathes all the cells and organs of the body.

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4
Q

is the blood called in an open circulation system

A

haemolymph

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5
Q

is the body cavity called in an open circulation system

A

haemocoel

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6
Q

what type of circulation do arthropods have

A

open

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7
Q

what type of transport do fish have

A

signal closed circular system

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8
Q

what does the pulmonary system do

A

takes the blood to and from the lungs

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9
Q

what is the outermost tissue layer of veins and ateries

A

tunica externa

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10
Q

what is the tunica externa made of

A

a collagen rich connective tissue

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11
Q

why is the tunica externa made of collagen connective tissue

A

resists stretching of the blood vessels

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12
Q

what are Capillaries

A

sight of gas exchange

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13
Q

what is the middle layer in veins and arteries

A

tunica media

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14
Q

what is the tunica media made of and why

A

Elastic fibres allow the blood vessel to expand to accommodate the blood flow

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15
Q

what is the inner most layer in veins and arteries called

A

a single layer of endothelium cells

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16
Q

why is the inner most layer of ateries and veins made of a single layer of endothelium cells

A

to provide a smooth surface with little friction for blood to pass

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17
Q

what do vines have that no other transport mechanism have disclosing the heart

A

valves

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18
Q

why do veins have valves

A

to prevent the back flow of blood

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19
Q

what is the flow in the aorta, arteries and arterioles described as

A

pulsatile

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20
Q

where does the blood from the right side of the heart go

A

the lungs

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21
Q

where does the blood from the left side of the heart go

A

the body

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22
Q

what is the heart separated by

A

the septum

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23
Q

what are the walls of the heart made of

A

cardiac muscle

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24
Q

are the atria the top or the bottom chambers

A

top

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25
Q

are the ventricles the top or the bottom chambers

A

bottom

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26
Q

what prevents the atrioventricular valves from inverting

A

chordae tendineae

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27
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

the heart is simulated to beat from within its wall (SAN)

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28
Q

what is the heart beat regulated by

A

nerve impulses from the medulla oblongata in the brain.

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29
Q

what does the SAN do

A

sends out a wave of excitation across the muscle of the atria. (wave of depolarisation)

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30
Q

what does the SAN cause

A

atra muscle contracts (atrial systole).

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31
Q

what prevents wave of excitation from passingto the ventricles

A

fibourus tissue

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32
Q

what does the AVN do

A

delays the wave of excitation allowing the atria to complete contraction.
and passes the wave of excitation to the bundle of His in the septum.

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33
Q

where will the ventricles contract from

A

the apex

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34
Q

what shape are red blood cells

A

biconcave

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35
Q

what benefits does the shape of a red blood cell provide

A

-large surface area to volume ratio.
-disc shape minimises the diffusion pathway for oxygen.
-thinner central section allows the red blood cells the flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
-no organelles giving more space to maximise the number of haemoglobin molecules
-lack of mitochondria means that oxygen is not used up in aerobic respiration while the oxygen is transported

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36
Q

what type of structure is haemoglobin

A

quaternary

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37
Q

how many oxygens can each haemoglobin molecule hold

A

4

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38
Q

what is the process Called when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

A

loading

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39
Q

how are animals who liven low O2 environments adapted

A

their haemoglobin has higher affinity for O2

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40
Q

how many molecules of O2 can myoglobin hold

A

one

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41
Q

where is myoglobin found

A

muscle cells

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42
Q

what happens when rates of respiration are high

A

-CO2 in cells increase
-CO2 in blood increase
-more carbonic acid is produced
-more O2 dissociates

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43
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

CO2 increases
PH lowers
haemoglobin changes shape
redues affinity for O2
O2 is released

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44
Q

what is the liquid around all the cells

A

tissue fluid

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45
Q

what’s in tissue fluid

A

oxygen, fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, hormones and ions

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46
Q

what’re the gaps between cells called in capillaries

A

fenestrations

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47
Q

what three routs can water take from the endodermis across the cortex

A

APOPLAST ROUTE
SYMPLAST ROUTE
VACUOLAR ROUTE

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48
Q

APOPLAST ROUTE

A

-passive movement where water is absorbed by the cellulose cell wall and moves via diffusion

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49
Q

SYMPLAST ROUTE

A

water moves passively through the cytoplasm and between cells through the plasmodesmata.

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50
Q

VACUOLAR ROUTE

A

water moves through cytoplasm and the large central vacuole through the plasmodesmata

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51
Q

what is the fastest rout of transport in the routs

A

APOPLAST ROUTE

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52
Q

what is the slowest rout of transport in the routs

A

vacuolar

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53
Q

how do catons enter the routs

A

ion exchange using a protein pump

54
Q

how do anons enter the routs

A

co-transport

55
Q

what is the vacuoles membrane made of

A

tonoplast

56
Q

how do ions pass the Casparian strip

A

active transport and co-transport

57
Q

what is guttation

A

water that reaches the leaves is often forced out, causing a beading of water upon the leaf tips

58
Q

what’s a Mesophyte

A

an organism in an environment where it has sufficient water

59
Q

what’s a hydrophyte

A

an organism in an environment where it has excess water

60
Q

Xerophytes

A

an organism with an insufficient access to water

61
Q

Translocation

A

the process of moving the products of photosynthesis from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant.

62
Q

where does the digestion of proteins begin

A

stomach

63
Q

upper and lower epidermis

A

Protection of tissue layers inside leaf
Transparent to enable light to penetrate

64
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

Many cells can fit in the layer to maximise absorption of light
Large number of chloroplasts – increase absorption of light and therefore the rate of photosynthesis

65
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

Cells contain some chloroplasts
Large number of air spaces for gas exchange within leaf – no ventilation mechanism so relies on diffusion

66
Q

air spaces

A

Gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for respiration and photosynthesis
Water vapour evaporates into these spaces to maintain transport of water from roots to leaves

67
Q

xylem

A

Transport of water and ions from roots to all other parts of the plant

68
Q

phloem

A

Transport of carbon compounds (sucrose and amino acids) from the site of photosynthesis and storage organs to the rest of the plant

69
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

Provides support and protection to the vascular bundles (in some plants the cells enable more efficient photosynthesis)

70
Q

stomatal pores

A

Sites of gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) with the external environment
Water vapour lost from the stomata when open

71
Q

guard cells

A

Control the opening and closing of the stomata
Contain chloroplasts

72
Q

chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis
Involved in the mechanism for stomatal opening and closing

73
Q

Autotrophic

A

Synthesis of complex organic chemicals from inorganic substances using an energy source.

74
Q

Photoautotrophic

A

Uses light energy to combine inorganic substances into complex organic chemicals.

75
Q

Chemoautotrophic

A

Uses chemical energy, from chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide, to combine inorganic substances into complex organic chemicals.

76
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Cannot synthesise its own complex organic chemicals; it must digest organic chemicals produced by other organisms and use the products of digestion to synthesise their own organic chemicals.

77
Q

Saprotrophic / Saprobiontic

A

Extracellular digestion of dead or decayed organic matter: enzymes are secreted by an organism which then digest the organic chemicals of the substrate on which they live. The products of digestion are then absorbed by the saprotroph.

78
Q

Holozoic

A

Absorption of organic matter followed by internal digestion of the organic chemicals within the organism.

79
Q

Parasitic

A

Living in or on another host organism, whereby nourishment is obtained from a host organism, usually to the detriment / harm of the host; the host usually derives no benefit.

80
Q

Symbiosis / Mutualism

A

Many organisms live in / on other organisms in a relationship that provides benefit to both organisms.

81
Q

photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

82
Q

how do Hydra digest food

A

combination of extracellular and intracellular digestion.

83
Q

what mechanisms do Hydra use to digest food

A

mechanical and chemical digestions using hydrolytic enzymes

84
Q

what shape is a flatworms gastrovascular cavity

A

highly branched

85
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity

A

a digestive sac

86
Q

how do flatworms digest food

A

food can be digested, and the products of digestion can be absorbed throughout the organism.

87
Q

what type of digestive systems do complex multicellular animals have

A

tube gut and different reagons adapted to specific functions

88
Q

what’s an example of organs adapted to specific functions

A

-mechanical digestion by teeth, muscular action
-chemical digestion by acids
-chemical digestion by enzymes with different optimum pH.

89
Q

what do specialised digestive systems allow

A

allows us to eat more varied types of food

90
Q

what is the Buccal cavity

A

the mouth

91
Q

what do the lips, tongue and teeth do

A

capture and receive food
move food about the mouth
cut, grind and chew food into smaller pieces
mix the food with saliva to lubricate food
forms food into a bolus to make swallowing easier.

92
Q

what does saliva do during digestion

A

decreases the PH
contains the enzyme salivary amylase

93
Q

what does amylase do

A

breaks starch into maltose

94
Q

what does the oesophagus do

A

peristalsis

95
Q

what type of digestion does the stomach carry out

A

chemical and mechanical digestion.

96
Q

how does the stomach carry out chemical digestion

A

enzymes and hydrochloric acid

97
Q

how does the stomach carry out mechanical digestion

A

muscles that contract and relax to mix food with gastric juice and to further breakdown large particles

98
Q

what is the result of digestion of the stomach

A

chyme.

99
Q

what three types of cells are in the stomach

A

goblet cells
chief cells
Oxyntic cells

100
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

101
Q

what do oxyntic cells secrete

A

hydrochloric acid

102
Q

what do goblet cells secrete

A

mucus

103
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

Digestion of protein into polypeptides

104
Q

why is hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

provide the correct PH for enzyme activity

105
Q

why is mucus useful in the stomach

A

protect the stomach lining from the gastric juice

106
Q

what parts does the small intestine have

A

duodenum, and ileum

107
Q

what is secreted into the duodenum

A

bile from the liver
pancreatic juice from the pancreas.

108
Q

why is the small intestine folded

A

increase SA

109
Q

what are the folds in the small intestine called

A

villi

110
Q

where are Brunner’s Glands found and what do they secrete

A

the duodenum
alkaline fluid

111
Q

where is the main area of absorption in the digestive tract

A

Ileum

112
Q

where is most water digested

A

colon

113
Q

what its absorbed in the colon

A

water, mineral salts and vitamins are produced

114
Q

what is fed into the liver after digestion

A

products of digestion
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-amino groups are converted into urea
-many vitamins are also stored in the liver.

115
Q

what are the two secretory functions of the pancreas

A

ENDOCRINE
EXOCRINE

116
Q

what is ENDOCRINE secretion

A

secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon for control of blood glucose level

117
Q

what is EXOCRINE secretion

A

pancreatic juice, a mixture of:
enzymes
enzyme precursors
sodium hydrogen carbonate.

118
Q

Serosa - gut

A

a layer of connective tissue carrying blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

119
Q

Longitudinal and circular muscle layers:

A

responsible for peristalsis.

120
Q

Submucosa:

A

generally carries the main arterioles and venules. It may also contain glands.

121
Q

Muscularis mucosa:

A

a thin layer of muscle involved in moving the inner wall of the gut.

122
Q

Mucosa:

A

covered by a layer of epithelial cells; some of these produce mucus and others are responsible for the final stages of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

123
Q

how are the villus in the small intestine adapted

A

-rich capillary network
-remove products of digestion
-maintain a concentration
gradient
-lacteals to absorb the products of fat digestion
-microvilli
- increase surface area
-epithelial cells contain large numbers of mitochondria
- provide the ATP for active
transport.

124
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

break large pieces of food into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area for the action of enzyme.

125
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the use of enzymes at a specific temp

126
Q

where does digestion of starch happen

A

mouth and duodenum

127
Q
A
128
Q

what enzyme in the stomach digests protein

A

Pepsinogen

129
Q

what is Pepsinogen activated by

A

hydrochloric acid

130
Q
A

Biology (3 decks)

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