unit two Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
what type of transport system do humans have
A
double closed circular system
2
Q
what is a closed circulation system
A
where blood is passed through vessels and is pumped by a heart
3
Q
what is an open circulation system
A
‘blood’ bathes all the cells and organs of the body.
4
Q
is the blood called in an open circulation system
A
haemolymph
5
Q
is the body cavity called in an open circulation system
A
haemocoel
6
Q
what type of circulation do arthropods have
A
open
7
Q
what type of transport do fish have
A
signal closed circular system
8
Q
what does the pulmonary system do
A
takes the blood to and from the lungs
9
Q
what is the outermost tissue layer of veins and ateries
A
tunica externa
10
Q
what is the tunica externa made of
A
a collagen rich connective tissue
11
Q
why is the tunica externa made of collagen connective tissue
A
resists stretching of the blood vessels
12
Q
what are Capillaries
A
sight of gas exchange
13
Q
what is the middle layer in veins and arteries
A
tunica media
14
Q
what is the tunica media made of and why
A
Elastic fibres allow the blood vessel to expand to accommodate the blood flow
15
Q
what is the inner most layer in veins and arteries called
A
a single layer of endothelium cells
16
Q
why is the inner most layer of ateries and veins made of a single layer of endothelium cells
A
to provide a smooth surface with little friction for blood to pass
17
Q
what do vines have that no other transport mechanism have disclosing the heart
A
valves
18
Q
why do veins have valves
A
to prevent the back flow of blood
19
Q
what is the flow in the aorta, arteries and arterioles described as
A
pulsatile
20
Q
where does the blood from the right side of the heart go
A
the lungs
21
Q
where does the blood from the left side of the heart go
A
the body
22
Q
what is the heart separated by
A
the septum
23
Q
what are the walls of the heart made of
A
cardiac muscle
24
Q
are the atria the top or the bottom chambers
A
top
25
are the ventricles the top or the bottom chambers
bottom
26
what prevents the atrioventricular valves from inverting
chordae tendineae
27
what does myogenic mean
the heart is simulated to beat from within its wall (SAN)
28
what is the heart beat regulated by
nerve impulses from the medulla oblongata in the brain.
29
what does the SAN do
sends out a wave of excitation across the muscle of the atria. (wave of depolarisation)
30
what does the SAN cause
atra muscle contracts (atrial systole).
31
what prevents wave of excitation from passingto the ventricles
fibourus tissue
32
what does the AVN do
delays the wave of excitation allowing the atria to complete contraction.
and passes the wave of excitation to the bundle of His in the septum.
33
where will the ventricles contract from
the apex
34
what shape are red blood cells
biconcave
35
what benefits does the shape of a red blood cell provide
-large surface area to volume ratio.
-disc shape minimises the diffusion pathway for oxygen.
-thinner central section allows the red blood cells the flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
-no organelles giving more space to maximise the number of haemoglobin molecules
-lack of mitochondria means that oxygen is not used up in aerobic respiration while the oxygen is transported
36
what type of structure is haemoglobin
quaternary
37
how many oxygens can each haemoglobin molecule hold
4
38
what is the process Called when oxygen binds to haemoglobin
loading
39
how are animals who liven low O2 environments adapted
their haemoglobin has higher affinity for O2
40
how many molecules of O2 can myoglobin hold
one
41
where is myoglobin found
muscle cells
42
what happens when rates of respiration are high
-CO2 in cells increase
-CO2 in blood increase
-more carbonic acid is produced
-more O2 dissociates
43
what is the Bohr effect
CO2 increases
PH lowers
haemoglobin changes shape
redues affinity for O2
O2 is released
44
what is the liquid around all the cells
tissue fluid
45
what's in tissue fluid
oxygen, fatty acids, amino acids, glucose, hormones and ions
46
what're the gaps between cells called in capillaries
fenestrations
47
what three routs can water take from the endodermis across the cortex
APOPLAST ROUTE
SYMPLAST ROUTE
VACUOLAR ROUTE
48
APOPLAST ROUTE
-passive movement where water is absorbed by the cellulose cell wall and moves via diffusion
49
SYMPLAST ROUTE
water moves passively through the cytoplasm and between cells through the plasmodesmata.
50
VACUOLAR ROUTE
water moves through cytoplasm and the large central vacuole through the plasmodesmata
51
what is the fastest rout of transport in the routs
APOPLAST ROUTE
52
what is the slowest rout of transport in the routs
vacuolar
53
how do catons enter the routs
ion exchange using a protein pump
54
how do anons enter the routs
co-transport
55
what is the vacuoles membrane made of
tonoplast
56
how do ions pass the Casparian strip
active transport and co-transport
57
what is guttation
water that reaches the leaves is often forced out, causing a beading of water upon the leaf tips
58
what's a Mesophyte
an organism in an environment where it has sufficient water
59
what's a hydrophyte
an organism in an environment where it has excess water
60
Xerophytes
an organism with an insufficient access to water
61
Translocation
the process of moving the products of photosynthesis from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant.
62
where does the digestion of proteins begin
stomach
63
upper and lower epidermis
Protection of tissue layers inside leaf
Transparent to enable light to penetrate
64
palisade mesophyll
Many cells can fit in the layer to maximise absorption of light
Large number of chloroplasts – increase absorption of light and therefore the rate of photosynthesis
65
spongy mesophyll
Cells contain some chloroplasts
Large number of air spaces for gas exchange within leaf – no ventilation mechanism so relies on diffusion
66
air spaces
Gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for respiration and photosynthesis
Water vapour evaporates into these spaces to maintain transport of water from roots to leaves
67
xylem
Transport of water and ions from roots to all other parts of the plant
68
phloem
Transport of carbon compounds (sucrose and amino acids) from the site of photosynthesis and storage organs to the rest of the plant
69
bundle sheath cells
Provides support and protection to the vascular bundles (in some plants the cells enable more efficient photosynthesis)
70
stomatal pores
Sites of gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) with the external environment
Water vapour lost from the stomata when open
71
guard cells
Control the opening and closing of the stomata
Contain chloroplasts
72
chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
Involved in the mechanism for stomatal opening and closing
73
Autotrophic
Synthesis of complex organic chemicals from inorganic substances using an energy source.
74
Photoautotrophic
Uses light energy to combine inorganic substances into complex organic chemicals.
75
Chemoautotrophic
Uses chemical energy, from chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide, to combine inorganic substances into complex organic chemicals.
76
Heterotrophic
Cannot synthesise its own complex organic chemicals; it must digest organic chemicals produced by other organisms and use the products of digestion to synthesise their own organic chemicals.
77
Saprotrophic / Saprobiontic
Extracellular digestion of dead or decayed organic matter: enzymes are secreted by an organism which then digest the organic chemicals of the substrate on which they live. The products of digestion are then absorbed by the saprotroph.
78
Holozoic
Absorption of organic matter followed by internal digestion of the organic chemicals within the organism.
79
Parasitic
Living in or on another host organism, whereby nourishment is obtained from a host organism, usually to the detriment / harm of the host; the host usually derives no benefit.
80
Symbiosis / Mutualism
Many organisms live in / on other organisms in a relationship that provides benefit to both organisms.
81
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
82
how do Hydra digest food
combination of extracellular and intracellular digestion.
83
what mechanisms do Hydra use to digest food
mechanical and chemical digestions using hydrolytic enzymes
84
what shape is a flatworms gastrovascular cavity
highly branched
85
what is a gastrovascular cavity
a digestive sac
86
how do flatworms digest food
food can be digested, and the products of digestion can be absorbed throughout the organism.
87
what type of digestive systems do complex multicellular animals have
tube gut and different reagons adapted to specific functions
88
what's an example of organs adapted to specific functions
-mechanical digestion by teeth, muscular action
-chemical digestion by acids
-chemical digestion by enzymes with different optimum pH.
89
what do specialised digestive systems allow
allows us to eat more varied types of food
90
what is the Buccal cavity
the mouth
91
what do the lips, tongue and teeth do
capture and receive food
move food about the mouth
cut, grind and chew food into smaller pieces
mix the food with saliva to lubricate food
forms food into a bolus to make swallowing easier.
92
what does saliva do during digestion
decreases the PH
contains the enzyme salivary amylase
93
what does amylase do
breaks starch into maltose
94
what does the oesophagus do
peristalsis
95
what type of digestion does the stomach carry out
chemical and mechanical digestion.
96
how does the stomach carry out chemical digestion
enzymes and hydrochloric acid
97
how does the stomach carry out mechanical digestion
muscles that contract and relax to mix food with gastric juice and to further breakdown large particles
98
what is the result of digestion of the stomach
chyme.
99
what three types of cells are in the stomach
goblet cells
chief cells
Oxyntic cells
100
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
101
what do oxyntic cells secrete
hydrochloric acid
102
what do goblet cells secrete
mucus
103
what is pepsinogen
Digestion of protein into polypeptides
104
why is hydrochloric acid in the stomach
provide the correct PH for enzyme activity
105
why is mucus useful in the stomach
protect the stomach lining from the gastric juice
106
what parts does the small intestine have
duodenum, and ileum
107
what is secreted into the duodenum
bile from the liver
pancreatic juice from the pancreas.
108
why is the small intestine folded
increase SA
109
what are the folds in the small intestine called
villi
110
where are Brunner’s Glands found and what do they secrete
the duodenum
alkaline fluid
111
where is the main area of absorption in the digestive tract
Ileum
112
where is most water digested
colon
113
what its absorbed in the colon
water, mineral salts and vitamins are produced
114
what is fed into the liver after digestion
products of digestion
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-amino groups are converted into urea
-many vitamins are also stored in the liver.
115
what are the two secretory functions of the pancreas
ENDOCRINE
EXOCRINE
116
what is ENDOCRINE secretion
secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon for control of blood glucose level
117
what is EXOCRINE secretion
pancreatic juice, a mixture of:
enzymes
enzyme precursors
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
118
Serosa - gut
a layer of connective tissue carrying blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
119
Longitudinal and circular muscle layers:
responsible for peristalsis.
120
Submucosa:
generally carries the main arterioles and venules. It may also contain glands.
121
Muscularis mucosa:
a thin layer of muscle involved in moving the inner wall of the gut.
122
Mucosa:
covered by a layer of epithelial cells; some of these produce mucus and others are responsible for the final stages of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
123
how are the villus in the small intestine adapted
-rich capillary network
-remove products of digestion
-maintain a concentration
gradient
-lacteals to absorb the products of fat digestion
-microvilli
- increase surface area
-epithelial cells contain large numbers of mitochondria
- provide the ATP for active
transport.
124
Mechanical digestion
break large pieces of food into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area for the action of enzyme.
125
Chemical digestion
the use of enzymes at a specific temp
126
where does digestion of starch happen
mouth and duodenum
127
128
what enzyme in the stomach digests protein
Pepsinogen
129
what is Pepsinogen activated by
hydrochloric acid
130
