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Biology > Unit One- Chemical Elements And Biological Compounds > Flashcards

Unit One- Chemical Elements And Biological Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnesiums role

A

Needed for photosynthesis

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2
Q

When trees lack magnesium what happens?

A

Leaves appear yellow

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3
Q

What is the role of iron in a cell?

A

Makes haemoglobin, transport of oxygen in the body

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4
Q

What happens when a person is deficient in iron?

A

Become anemic

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5
Q

What is the role of calcium

A

Structural component of bones and teeth

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6
Q

What is the role of a phosphate molecule?

A

Needed for the production of nucleotides (ATP) .used in the cell wall

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7
Q

Condensation

A

The removal of water and the formation of a covarent bond

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The braking down of large molecules into smaller molecules by adding water

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9
Q

What type of structure does water have

A

Dipolar (positive oxygen negative hydrogen)

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10
Q

What bond can water molecules form

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What types of molecules does water attract?

A

Polar

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12
Q

What is the biological importance of a solvent

A

Involved with reactions ( hydrolysis)
Acts as a transport medium (blood)

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13
Q

What is the biological importance of metabolite

A

Involved in biochemical reactions ( hydrolysis)

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14
Q

What is the biological importance of cohesion?

A

Water is attracted to each other ( hydrogen bonds), allows water to be drawn up in the xylem

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15
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A
  • building blocks ( ribose)
  • stores energy (starch)
  • source of energy ( glucose)
  • Structural support
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17
Q

Indicator of a monosaccharide?

A

Sweet tasting

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18
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms.

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19
Q

what are ions form?

A

.

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20
Q

function of chlorine

A

Transport of carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Function of sodium in the body

A

Nerve impulse transmission 

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22
Q

Function of magnesium

A

Enzyme function

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23
Q

Formulae of glucose

A

C6 H12 06

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24
Q

How are monosaccharides named

A

Based on how many carbons are in the molecule ( triose - 3 sugars )

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25
Q

What are disaccharides made of?

A

Two monosaccharides

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26
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

Condensation reaction

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27
Q

What type of bond is formed during hydrolysis

A

Glycosidic bond

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28
Q

Is water polar?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Is water hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic ( water loving)

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30
Q

How many carbons does glucose contain

A

6

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31
Q

What name is given to those monosaccharides that contain 5 carbon atoms

A

Pentose sugars (ribose)

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32
Q

What does glucose and glucose make?

A

Maltose

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33
Q

What does glucose and fructose make?

A

Sucrose

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34
Q

What does galactose and glucose make

A

Lactose

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35
Q

What is a reducing sugar

A

A sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent ( donating an electron)

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36
Q

What is used in testing for a reducing sugar?

A

Benedict’s reagent

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37
Q

What is the process in testing for a reducing sugar?

A
  • strongly heat sample
  • Add equal volumes of Benedict’s reagent to the solution
  • if reducing sugar is present it will change from blue liquid to brick red precipitate
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38
Q

What is involved in testing for a non-reducing sugar

A

Hydrochloric acid

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39
Q

What is the prowess of testing for a nonreducing sugar

A
  • Heat with hydrochloric acid
  • neutralise with alkali until fissing stops
  • strongly heat sample
  • Add equal volumes of Benedict’s reagent to the solution
  • if reducing sugar is present it will change from blue to brick red
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40
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

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41
Q

What can lipids dissolve in

A

Low solubility in water, high solubility in organic solvents (ethanol)

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42
Q

What do Triglycerides make

A

Fats and oils

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43
Q

What are the roles of lipids

A
  • energy reserve
  • thermal insulation
  • protection
  • metabolic water
  • waterproofing
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44
Q

What’s a phospholipid

A

Type of lipid with one of the fatty acid tails replaced with a phosphate group

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45
Q

Where are phospholipids found

A

Cell membrane

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46
Q

Each phospholipid consist of

A

-glycerol
-a phosphate head (hydrophilic)
-2 fatty acid chains (hydrophobic)

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47
Q

What happens when phospholipids come into contact with water

A

They form a bilayer
- hydrophilic phosphate groups are attached to water
- hydrophobic tails hide from water molecules

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48
Q

What happens to the bpt/mpt of fatty acids when they’re unsaturated

A

The more double bonds the lower the melting point

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49
Q

What does a high uptake of saturated fats lead to in a diet?

A

Heart disease

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50
Q

Is LDL cholesterol good or bad

A

Bad

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51
Q

The affect of polyunsaturated fats in the diet

A
  • we cannot produce it ourselves
  • it lowers LDL
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52
Q

The affect of monounsaturated fats in the diet

A

Lowers LDL and raises HDL

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53
Q

The affect of unsaturated fats in the diet

A

Increases cholesterol and LDL

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54
Q

The affect of trans fats in the diet

A

A by-product of processing healthier fats
- raises LDL
- lowering HDL

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55
Q

How to test for fats and oils

A
  • sample mixes with ethanol
  • shaken with an equal volume of water
  • as they are insoluble and cloudy white emulsion appears
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56
Q

What is formed when many monosaccharides combine?

A

Polymer

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57
Q

Why are polymers good energy storage?

A
  • Unable to defuse out of cell
  • compact
  • insoluble ( do not effect the water potential )
  • Easily hydrolysed
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58
Q

What does starch do

A

Main energy storage for plants

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59
Q

How is starch formed in plants

A

Sugars made in photosynthesis
But stored as starch

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60
Q

What type of glucose is starch made of

A

a-glucose

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61
Q

What are the polymers of starch called

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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62
Q

What is the difference between Amylose and amylopectin

A
  • Amylose is linear with 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • amylopectin is branched and has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic
  • Amylose forms a helix
  • Amylopectin has more exposed ends - hydrolysis easer
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63
Q

What is a polymer

A

A large molecule made from repeating units

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64
Q

How to test for starch

A

Iodine solution
Orange-brown to blue-black

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65
Q

What is the main storage product in animals

A

Glycogen

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66
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen

A

Glycogen is more branched
Faster hydrolysis
Faster release of glucose

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67
Q

Where can cellulose be found in a plant

A

Plant cell walls

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68
Q

What polymer of glucose does cellulose contain?

A

b-glucose

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69
Q

In what form is cellulose bonded

A

With b-glucose rotated 180*
Forming straight line parallel chains

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70
Q

What type types of bonds does cellulose form

A

Glycosidic and hydrogen

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71
Q

Where in chitin found

A

Exoskeleton of insects, cell wall in moss

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72
Q

What is chitin made off

A

Long parallel chains of b-glucose with 180* rotation ( with added acetylamine groups) cross linked to each other by hydrogen bonds ( forming microfibrilles

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73
Q

Are lipids polar

A

No

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74
Q

Are lipids soluble

A

No

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75
Q

What do lipids contain

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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76
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

The combination of
- one glycerol
- 3 fatty acids

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77
Q

What type of bonds bond glycerol and fatty acids in a triglyceride

A

Ester

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78
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated

A

C=C double bonds

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79
Q

What form do saturated fatty acids take

A

Semi solid

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80
Q

What do fatty acids do

A

-Energy reserves
- thermal insulation
- protection
- metabolic water
- Waterproofing

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81
Q

Which type of fatty acids are most responsible for heart disease as a1

A

Saturated

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82
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

A lipid with one fatty acid tail replaced with a phosphate group

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83
Q

Are fatty acids polar

A

No

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84
Q

Are fatty acids soluble

A

No

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85
Q

Are glycerol/phosphate groups polar

A

Yes

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86
Q

Why do plants store energy as lipids

A

Lipids contain twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Lipids don’t effect water potential

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87
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

A building up of fatty deposits called atheromas within arteries

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88
Q

What is atherosclerosis caused by

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from saturated fats

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89
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to

A
  • Narrowing of the arteries, loss of elasticity, blood restriction, reduced oxygen in the heart, angina, heart attack
  • ruptured endothelial lining, blood clots, strokes
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90
Q

What groups are proteins made from

A

Amino acid
R group
Carboxyl group

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91
Q

State two differences between phospholipids and triglycerides

A

Phospholipid has two fatty acids and triglycerides have three

Phospholipids have a phosphate group triglycerides don’t

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92
Q

What type of reaction forms a peptide bond

A

Condensation

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93
Q

Where does the peptide bond form in proteins

A

The amino acid in one molecule and the carbolic acid in another

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94
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

Esterfication

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95
Q

What bond is formed during esterification

A

Ester

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96
Q

Where in a plant are triglycerides found

A

Seeds and fruits

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97
Q

How do triglycerides insulate

A
  • Make up the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres
  • compose the adipose tissue layer under the skin
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98
Q

What do you add to test for protein

A

-Sodium hydroxide
-copper sulphate

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99
Q

What’s the colour change in a protein test

A

Blue to lilac

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100
Q

Are globular proteins soluble

A

Yes

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101
Q

What shape do globular proteins form

A

Spherical

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102
Q

What additional bonds do secondary proteins have

A

Hydrogen

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103
Q

What can the amino acid sequence of globular proteins be described as

A

Irregular ( wide range of R groups)

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104
Q

What makes a collagen molecule strong

A

-triple helix
-covalent and hydrogen bonds
- links form fibrils
- staggered ends
- many collagen fibrils join together to form fibres

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105
Q

What does DNA do

A

-Holds genetic information
- contains instructions for growth and development of organisms

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106
Q

What does transfer RNA do

A

To transfer the genetic code in DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

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107
Q

What is both DNA and RNA made of

A

Nucleotides

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108
Q

What are nucleotides made of

A

Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base

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109
Q

What reaction joins nucleotides

A

Condensation

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110
Q

What bond is between nucleotides

A

Ester

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111
Q

What are the bond in the sugar phosphate backbone

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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112
Q

What type of bonds are there between bases

A

Hydrogen

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113
Q

What are the purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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114
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, thymine and uricil

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115
Q

What is the difference between the A-T bond and the C-G bond

A

A-T has two hydrogen bonds
C-G have three

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116
Q

What base does RNA never contain

A

Thymine

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117
Q

What type of strand is RNA

A

polynucleotide strand ( signal stranded)

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118
Q

Where r ribosomes

A

Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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119
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

They read RNA to make polypeptides ( proteins )

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120
Q

What type of RNA forms ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA

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121
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

rRNA and protein

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122
Q

What type of cells are ribosome’s

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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123
Q

Which type of cells have larger ribosomes

A

Eukaryotic

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124
Q

What size ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

A

80s

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125
Q

What size ribosomes are found in prokaryotic calls

A

70s

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126
Q

What enzymes catalyse peptide bonds in mRNA

A

DNA polymerase

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127
Q

What do condensation enzymes do to mRNA

A

Catalyse the formation of l peptide bonds between amino acids

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128
Q

How many subunits does mRNA sit between?

A

2

129
Q

Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane

A

No

130
Q

What type of DNA replication occurs during cell replication

A

Semi-conservative

131
Q

Why is semi conservative replication called that

A

One of the polynucleotide strands is from the original DNA molecule
Therefore the new DNA molecule has conserved half of the original DNA

132
Q

Why is retaining one DNA strand so important

A

Ensures genetic continuity (cells inherit all necessary genes)

133
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

In preparation of mitosis

134
Q

What phase in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur

A

S phase (interphase)

135
Q

What unzips DNA during protein synthesis

A

DNA helicase

136
Q

Which bonds break when DNA stands are separated

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases pairs

137
Q

What do DNA strands act as when replicating

A

Template strands

138
Q

What are new strands made from

A

Free nucleotides

139
Q

What joins nucleotides together

A

DNA polymerase

140
Q

What type of reaction forms new DNA

A

Condensation reaction

141
Q

What are free nucleotides in the nucleus called

A

Activated nucleotides

142
Q

What catalysis to in DNA to form DNA

A

Sugar backbone

143
Q

Where do hydrogen bonds form

A

Between base pairings

144
Q

Which direction can DNA form

A

Only 5-3

145
Q

Which way is DNA unzipped

A

From 3 to 5

146
Q

Which strand can be synthesised continuously

A

Leading strand

147
Q

Which way does DNA polymerase move on the lagging strand

A

Away from the replication fork

148
Q

Which enzyme joins the lagging strands together

A

DNA ligase

149
Q

What do we use energy for?

A
  • anabolic reactions
  • active transport
  • muscle contraction
  • nerve impulse
150
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

151
Q

What is ATP structurally similar to

A

DNA ( nucleotides)

152
Q

Is ATP soluble

A

Yes

153
Q

What does ATP provide

A

Short term chemical energy storage

154
Q

Why is ATP so efficient

A
  • It can be hydrolysed quickly
  • contains useful quantities of energy
  • gives the cell control
  • ATP is relatively stable at ph level
155
Q

What enzyme catalysis ATP

A

ATP hydrolase

156
Q

How much energy is released when hydrolysing ATP

A

30.8 Jk mol-1

157
Q

Atp is stable what is the benefit?

A

Doesn’t break down unless catalysed

158
Q

Can humans synthesise large storage of ATP

A

No

159
Q

What must combine with ADP to form ATP

A

Pi (phosphate group)

160
Q

What type of bonds form with water

A

Hydrogen

161
Q

What do the hydrogen bonds in water allow it to do

A

-solvent
- high specific heat capacity
- water

162
Q

What is cation

A

An ion that has a +ve charge

163
Q

What is an anion

A

An ion that has a -ve charge

164
Q

What is an inorganic ion

A

An ion that doesn’t have carbon

165
Q

What do H+ ions do

A

They determine the pH of a solution

166
Q

What happens what You have less H+ ion s

A

Higher pH

167
Q

What happens what You have more H+

A

Lowers pH

168
Q

What do iron ions bond to

A

Oxygen

169
Q

How many iron ions are there in each poly peptide changes in haemoglobin

A

One in each

170
Q

How do amino acids cross cell membranes

A

Carrier proteins

171
Q

How does glucose pass through call membrane

A

Carrier proteins

172
Q

What proses does carrier proteins use

A

Co-transport

173
Q

Why are phosphate ions useful

A

That makes DNA, RNA and ATP

174
Q

What is the advantage of ATP releasing energy in such small doses

A

-little energy wasted
- energy can be used in separate processes
- quick and easy hydrolysis
- helps in regulation ( temperature)

175
Q

What enzyme catalysis ATP

A

ATPase

176
Q

How can cells reuse ATP

A

Condensation and cellular respiration

177
Q

What is a cell membrane formed off

A

A phospholipid bilayer (10nm)

178
Q

What type of cells have a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cells

179
Q

What are chromosomes made from

A

Linear DNA tightly rapped around histones( proteins)

180
Q

Where is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

181
Q

What’s found in the matrix of a mitochondria

A
  • circular DNA ( mitochondrial DNA)
  • enzymes
    -ribosomes
182
Q

Does chloroplast’s have a single or double membrane

A

Double

183
Q

What does thylakoids contain

A

Chlorophyll

184
Q

Where does the light dependent stage take place in,when chloroplasts perform photosynthesis

A

The thylakoid

185
Q

Where does the light dependent stage take place in,when plants perform photosynthesis

A

The stoma

186
Q

Where is the site of translation during protein synthesis

A

The rRNA

187
Q

Does the smooth ER have ribosomes

A

No

188
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

Involved in production protesting and storage of molecules

189
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Modify the protein and lipids packaging them in the Golgi vesicle

190
Q

What type of cell is most specialised eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

191
Q

What type of cell makes bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

192
Q

What is the difference between the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

In prokaryotes the DNA is not packaged within a nucleus or chromosome

193
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack

A

Membrane bond organelles

194
Q

What’s type odd cell has smaller ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic

195
Q

What is a virus

A

A boon cellular infections particle that is both living and not living

196
Q

What is the core of a virus made of

A

Nucleotides

197
Q

what is the protein cost of a a virus called

A

A capsid

198
Q

What is the outer layer of a membrane called in an virus

A

Envelope

199
Q

Are viruses parasitic

A

Yes

200
Q

Give the meaning of a specialised cell

A

A call that has differentiated and has specific features that enable it to carry out a particular function

201
Q

What are the phases of cell division

A

-Interphase
- mitosis
- cytokinesis

202
Q

Wasn’t phases make up interphase

A

G1,S,G2

203
Q

What happens during interphase

A

The cell increases in mass and size and carries out its normal cellular functions

204
Q

What happens during G1

A

Cell grows and receives signal to divide

205
Q

What happens during S phase

A

Syntheses of DNA

206
Q

What happens during G2

A

Cell growth
Error checking

207
Q

What phase comes after interphase

A

Mitosis

208
Q

What phase is after mitosis

A

cytokinesis

209
Q

What is mitosis

A

The process of nuclear division by which two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced

210
Q

What is mitosis used for

A

Growth
Repair of tissues
Replacement of cells
Asexual reproduction

211
Q

What do the daughter cells have in common

A

Same number of chromosomes

212
Q

What is a zygote

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid cells

213
Q

Where in humans does fast mitosis occur

A

Skin, lining of the gut, uterus

214
Q

What are the three phases of cell decision?

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

215
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere

216
Q

What is prophase? 

A

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope containing them breakdown

217
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Chromosomes lineup along the equator of the cell and spindle fibre attached to the centimetres

218
Q

Where do spindle fibres come from

A

Centrosome

219
Q

What do chromosomes consist of?

A

Two identical chromatids called sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere

220
Q

How much DNA does one chromatid contain?

A

One DNA molecule 

221
Q

What creates the cell wall in plant cells during cytokinesis?

A

Cell plate

222
Q

How do calculate mitotic index?

A

Mitotic index =

Number of cells with visible chromosomes
______________________________
total number of cells

223
Q

What organelles does prokaryotic cells not have?

A

Nucleus
Chromosomes
Membrane- bound organelles
Spindle fibres

224
Q

What is the proses of binary fission?

A
  • circular DNA replicated
    -Plasmids replicate
  • The parents cell divides into two
225
Q

Do viruses undergo cell division

A

No

226
Q

What happens during G1

A

Cell growth
Protein synthesis
Production of organelles
Production of RNA 

227
Q

What are the conditions required for a cell pass from G1 to S 

A

-Cell is not big enough
-Cell hasn’t produced enough protein
-DNA has been damaged
-Environment doesn’t contain enough nutrients 

228
Q

What do cell membrane’s do

A

-Create an enclosed space
- control exchange of materials

229
Q

What can membranes be described as

A

Partially permeable

230
Q

What type of transport occurs through cell membranes

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

231
Q

What are membranes formed by

A

A bilayer of photosynthesis

232
Q

What microscope is used to see a cell membrane

A

Electron microscope

233
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model explain?

A
  • passive and active transport
  • cell to cell interaction
  • cell signaling
234
Q

What happens when You place phospholipids in water

A

The form a phospholipid monolayer

235
Q

What type of proteins are enclosed in a cell membrane

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

236
Q

Where are extrinsic and intrinsic membrane found

A

Intrinsic- embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Extrinsic- found on the surface of the membrane

237
Q

Can phospholipids ans proteins move and how

A

Yes via diffusion

238
Q

What molecules does the cell membrane contain

A

Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Glycolipids and carbohydrates
Transport protein

239
Q

Where is cholesterol found

A

They fit between phospholipid molecules
not in prokaryotic cells

240
Q

What does cholesterol do to a membrane and why

A

-Regulated it fluidity by preventing them from sitting too closely (prevents them from freezing) ( stabilises at night temp)
- increase mechanical strength

241
Q

What do glycoproteins and glycolipids do

A

-Act as receptor molecules and bind to other cells

242
Q

What are the three types of receptors

A

-signalling/ neurotransmitters
-endocytosis
- cell adhesion

243
Q

What type of proteins are on the cell membrane

A

Channel and carrier

244
Q

What do the hydrophobic tails in the cell membrane stop passing

A

Water soluble polar molecules

245
Q

What do glycolipids and glycoproteins act as

A

Receptor molecules

246
Q

What type of molecules do transport proteins move

A

Ions and polar molecules

247
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules form a high concentration to a low concentration down the concentration gradient

248
Q

Factors that effect the rate of diffusion in a cell

A
  • Steepness of a concentration gradient
  • temperature
    -surface area
    -Properties of molecule or ion
249
Q

What substances cannot move through a cell membrane

A

Large polar molecules and ions

250
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration down a concentration gradient with help form proteins

251
Q

What are channel proteins filled with

A

Water

252
Q

What type of substances do channel proteins allow through

A

Charged substances or ions

253
Q

Do channel proteins have a as fixed shape

A

Yes

254
Q

Do carrier proteins have a fixed shape

A

No

255
Q

How does water move through a cell membrane

A

Osmosis

256
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential down the water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane

257
Q

Why can water pass through the cell membrane

A

It’s small

258
Q

What prevents a plant cell from bursting when it becomes turgid

A

Cell wall

259
Q

What happens to cells in plants and the plant organism when there’s not enough water

A

Cells becomes plasmolysed and plans wilt

260
Q

What happens during plasmolysis

A

The cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

261
Q

What will happen to an animal cell when it’s placed in substance with a low water potential

A

Water leaves the cell by osmosis
The cell shrinks and shrivels up becoming flaccid

262
Q

What is it called when the potential outside the cell is greater the the solute potential outside the cell

A

The cell is in a hypertonic environment

263
Q

What happens when an animal cell is put in something with a higher water potential

A

The cell will stretch and then burst ( cytolysis )

264
Q

What is an isotonic environment

A

When a cell is in an environment where the water oriented is equal inside and outside of the cell

265
Q

What happens to a cell when a cell is in an isotonic environment

A

The water moves in and or off the cell at the same rate … no net movement

266
Q

What test is done to show the movement of water by osmosis

A

Potato experiment

267
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration up the concentration gradient using ATP

268
Q

What type of transport protein uses active transport to move molecules

A

Carrier proteins

269
Q

Are carrier proteins specific

A

Yes

270
Q

What does the energy do to a molecule during active transport

A

It’s used to change it’s shape

271
Q

What is active transport used in

A
  • restoration of useful ion and molecules after the kidney filters it
  • absorption of some products of digestion
  • loading sugar from photosynthetic of leaves into the phloem tissue
  • loading inorganic tissues into root hair cells
272
Q

What does co-transport involve

A

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

273
Q

What type of proteins use co- transport

A

Carrier

274
Q

What effects the rate of transport

A

Surface area
Concentration gradient
Diffusion distance

275
Q

What do epithelial cells use to increase the rate of diffusion

A

They contain microvilli to increase the suave area in the small interaction. Increases the rate of diffusion

276
Q

What conditions effect the permeability of a cell membrane

A

Temperature
Solvent concentration

277
Q

What test is used to measure permeability

A

Beetroot experiment

278
Q

What may effect the beetroot experiment

A

-If the cutlets have scratches
-The beetroot may not be the same size
- some parts of the beetroot may be more pigmented

279
Q

What are antigens

A

The carbohydrate part of glycoproteins

280
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan

281
Q

in enzyme what’s it called when two substrate molecules are combined to form a single product molecule

A

anabolism.

282
Q

what’s it called when enzymes are involved in breaking down complex substrate molecules into two or more product molecules

A

catabolism

283
Q

what are the benefits of enzyme in industry

A

they are not used up
you don’t need many
they can be used over and over again
several enzymes can be used at once

284
Q

what are two uses of enzyme in industry

A

medical biosensors
- blood glucose molecules
to produce lactoses free milk

285
Q

what do prokaryotic cells contain

A

ribosomes, cell membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, cytoplasm, circular DNA, mesosoms

286
Q

what do eukaryotic plant cells contain

A

cellulose cell wall, cell membrane, plasdesmata, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuole, mitochondria, rough ER, Golgi body, nucleus, tonoplast

287
Q

heat do eukaryotic animal cells contain

A

plasma cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body, ribosomes

288
Q

why are viruses not alive

A

they have no cell membrane
they have no cytoplasm
they cannot carry out respiration and synthesise ATP
they do not grow
they cannot replicate or reproduce on their own –they must invade a host cell and use the cell’s metabolic processes to produce more virus particles.

289
Q

what do viruses contain

A

a protein coat called a capsid, enzyme involved with replication, DNA and RNA

290
Q

where is Columnar epithelial tissue found

A

small intestine

291
Q

what do Columnar epithelial cells in the small intestine have

A

microvilli

292
Q

where is Cuboidal epithelial tissue found

A

in the kidney

293
Q

what is the function of cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

reabsorb useful substances that are filtered out of the blood.

294
Q

where is squamous epithelial tissue found

A

lungs - alveoli

295
Q

where is Stratified epithelium found

A

in the skin

296
Q

where is ciliated tissue found

A

trachea, and fallopian tube

297
Q

where is connected tissue found

A

between tissues, tendons, skeleton,Cartilage

298
Q

what type of muscle cells are there and where are they

A

smooth muscle- involuntary tissue
cardiac muscle - heart
skelital muscle - volentree muscle

299
Q

what is cohesion

A

where water sticks together

300
Q

what is adhesion

A

when water sticks to other molecules

301
Q

what are structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different arrangements of their atoms

302
Q

what bond are disaccharides joined by

A

glycosidic

303
Q

what are both starch and glycogen made of

A

a-glucose

304
Q

what is cellulose made of

A

b-glucose

305
Q

which molecule contains cross linkage

A

cellulose

306
Q

what are microfibrils

A

long threads of cellulose containing cross linkage

307
Q

why is it difficult to digest cellulose

A

high tensile strength, cross linkage, microfibrils

308
Q

where is chitin found

A

cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of bugs

309
Q

is chitin a polysaccharide

A

no

310
Q

why is chitin not a polysaccharide

A

contains nitrogen

311
Q

does chitin or cellulose have greater tensile strength

A

chitin

312
Q

what is the test for a reducing sugar

A

Add Benedict’s reagent, heat and wait for precipitate to form, blue to brick-red

313
Q

how to test for a non-reducing sugar (sucrose)

A

add hydrochloric acid then neutralise
Add Benedict’s reagent, heat and wait for precipitate to form, blue to brick-red

314
Q

test for starch

A

iodine
orange to blue black

315
Q
A
316
Q

Difference in haploid and diploid cells

A

Haploid- (n)
Diploid- (2n)

317
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells

318
Q

What is the structure of a glycoprotein

A

A globular protein with carbohydrates attached

Biology (3 decks)

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